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. Kinenkan 記念館 Museums in honor of Basho .


. kanjaku 閑寂 - the melting of solitude and tranquility .

- - - - - . kigo　季語 seasonal topics and words used by Basho . - - - - -



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- - - - - . - ka 香 fragrance - . - - - - -


. kabitan mo tsukubawase keri kimi ga haru .
kapitan mo tsukubawase keri kimi ga haru
(spring) Kapitein - Captain (Dutch Delegation from Nagasaki). to kneel.



- - - - - . kabuto 甲 / 兜 / 冑 helmet of a samurai *. - - - - -



. kachi naraba Tsuetsuki-zaka o rakuba kana .
(no season word). if I had walked. the slope Tsuetsukizaka. I fell from my horse



- - - - - . kadomatsu 門松　pines at the gate / matsukazari 松飾り * . - - - - -

. kadomatsu ya omoeba hitoyo sanjuunen .
(New Year) pines at the gate, one night. 30 years



- - - - -. kagami 鏡 mirror * . - - - - -




. kagemachi, kage machi 影待ち waiting for sunrise *.

. kagemachi ya kiku no ka no suru toofugushi .
(autumn) chrysanthemum. Tofu bean curd on sticks
- and
irozuku ya toofu ni ochite usumomiji




. kageroo no waga kata ni tatsu kamiko kana .
(spring) heat shimmers. my shoulder. paper robe

. kageroo ya saiko no ito no usugumori .
(spring) heat shimmers. saiko plant threads. thin haze.
(more kageroo hokku)



- - - - -


. - Kanda Joosui 神田上水 Kanda Josui Waterworks and 関口芭蕉庵 Sekiguchi Basho-An - .


- - - - -

The Hanging Bridge at Kiso 木曽の架け橋　/ 木曽のかけはし　Kiso no Kakehashi *

. kakehashi ya inochi o karamu tsuta katsura .
(autumn) tsuta and katsura vines. plank bridge. to be coiled
- - - - - and
kakehashi ya mazu omoi-izu uma mukae
(autumn) picking up the horses. hanging bridge. first thing to remember

- - - - -



. kakitsubata kataru mo tabi no hitotsu kana .
(summer) blue flag iris Iris laevigata. to talk about. Travelling


. kakitsubata ware ni hokku no omoi ari .
(summer) blue flag iris, myself, Hokku

- - - - -


. kaki yori wa nori o ba oi no uri mo sede .
(spring) nori seaweed. oysters. to sell. old age


. kakurega ya tsuki to kiku to ni ta san tan .
(autumn) moon. chrysanthemums. hermitage. three tan of rice paddies


. kakusanu zo yado wa najiru ni toogarashi .
(autumn) red pepper. do not hide. home. leafy vegetable soup



. Kamakura o ikite ideken hatsugatsuo .
(summer) first katsuo skipjack bonito. town of Kamakura. to be alive


. kame waruru yoru no koori no mezame kana .
(winter) ice. water jar. breaking. I wake up




- - - - - . - kami 神 Shinto deities, the Japanese Gods - ### . - - - - -

. kamigaki ya omoi mo kakezu Nehanzoo .
(spring) Nirvana ceremony. fence of a shrine. surprize

- - - - -



. kami haete yoogan aoshi satsuki ame .
(summer) samidare rain. my hair has grown. my face is pale



. kanashiman ya Bokushi seriyaki o mite mo nao .
(spring) dropwort, Japanese parcely. Chinese poet Bokushi 墨子 Mozi, Mo-tsu, Ma-Tzu


. kanbutsu no hi ni umare-au ka no ko kana .
(spring) Kanbutsu celebrations, Buddha's birthday. baby deer is born



- - - - - . - kane 鐘 bell, temple bell - . * - - - - -

. kane kiete hana no ka wa tsuku yuube kana .
(spring) cherry blossoms, fragrance. temple bell. evening

. kane tsukanu sato wa nani o ka haru no kure .
(spring) dusk in sprign. temple bell ringing. village

- - - - -




ka ni nioe uni horu oka no ume no hana
香に匂へうに掘る岡の梅の花




- - - - - . Kannon Bosatsu 観音菩薩 and Asakusa Kannon 浅草観音 Temple . * - - - - -

. Kannon no iraka miyaritsu hana no kumo .
(spring) cherry blossoms. Asakusa Kannon Temple. tiled roof




. ka o nokosu ranchoo ran no yadori kana .
(summer) orchid. remaining fragrance in the room curtain. for 悦堂 Etsudo



. ka o saguru ume ni kura miru nokiba kana .
(spring) fragrance of plum blossoms. I look up to the warehouse eaves



- - - - - . kao　顔 my face, faces ### . - - - - -
. kao ni ninu hokku mo ideyo hatsu zakura .
(spring) first cherry blossoms, my face, Hokku




. kapitan mo tsukubawase keri kimi ga haru .
(spring) Dutch Kapitein - Captain. to kneel. Shogun / 甲比丹 / 甲必丹 / 加比旦
*



- - - - - . karahafu, kara hafu 唐破風 Chinese cusped gable . * - - - - -



. karakasa ni oshiwake mitaru yanagi kana .
(spring) willow tree. with my umbrella I part the branches




- - - - - . karasu 烏 crow, crows . - - - - -

. kare eda ni karasu no tomari keri aki no kure .
(autumn) dusk, branch, crow

- - - - -


. karahafu no irihi ya usuki yuu suzumi .
(summer) evening coolness. Chinese gable. sunset. (kara hafu)


- - - - - . karakoromo, karagoromo, kara koromo から衣 / 唐衣 / 空衣 　robes from China . * - - - - -



. Karasaki no matsu wa hana yori oboro nite .
(spring) hazy cherry blossoms, pines of Karasaki 辛崎


. karazake mo Kuuya no yase mo kan no uchi .
(winter) in the cold. dried salmon. Saint Kuya 空也


. kareshiba ya yaya kageroo no ichi ni sun .
(spring) heat shimmers, (winter) withered lawn) one two


. kari ato ya wase katakata no shigi no koe .
(autumn) after the harvest. the call of a snipe. (at 法蔵寺 Temple Hozo-Ji )



- - - - - . - kari 雁 goose geese - . - - - - -

. kari kiki ni miyako no aki ni omomukan .
(autumn) geese. to listen to the geese. autumn in Kyoto. I will set out

. kari sawagu Toba no tazura ya kan no ame .
(autumn) geese. rice fields of Toba. cold rain

- - - - -



. kari ato ya wase katakata no shigi no koe .
(autumn) after the harvest and snipe. katakata



. karikakeshi tazura no tsuru ya sato no aki .
(autumn) autumn in the village. half-harvested paddies. a crane


. karite nen kakashi no sode ya yowa no shimo .
(winter) frost at midnight. I want to borrow the sleeve of a scarecrow



- - - - - . karo toosen 夏炉冬扇 to be useless - like a stove in summer, a handfan in winter . * - - - - -


- - - - - . karumi かるみ【軽み】 lightness - . - - - - -





- - - - - . - kasa 笠　his traveller's hat - ### . - - - - -

. kasa mo naki ware o shigururu ka ko wa nanto .
(winter) sleet. I have no rain hat. well, well!

- - - - -



. Kasa-dera ya moranu iwaya mo haru no ame .
(spring) rain in spring. temple Kasadera. grotto


. - Kasane to wa かさねとは A girl named Kasane - .


. - Kashima Kikoo 鹿島紀行 - A Visit to the Kashima Shrine - .



. kashi no ki no hana ni kamawanu sugata kana .
(spring) cherry blossoms. the Kashi oka does not care. (for 三井秋風 Mitsui Shufu)



- - - - - . katabira 帷子 light linen dress . * - - - - -



. katararenu Yudono ni nurasu tamoto kana .
wet sleeve, at Yudono, Dewa. I can not talk about it.

. katatsuburi tsuno furiwake yo Suma Akashi .
(summer) snail. waving its horns. Suma, Akashi (both in Hyogo prefecture)




. katsuo uri 鰹売 vendor of skipjack, bonito fish monger * .

. katsuo uri ikanaru hito o yowasuran .
(summer) first skipjack katsuo. vendor, fish monger. charming people





. kawakaze ya usugaki kitaru yuusuzumi .
(summer) coolness. river wind. robes of persimmon color



- - - - - . kawara 瓦　roof tiles - いらか iraka roof tiles . - - - - -



. kawauso no matsuri mite koyo Seta no oku . kawa uso *
(winter) otter festival. let's go to the upper region of river Setagawa



- - - - - . kazarinawa, kazari nawa 飾縄 rope decoration for New Year * . - - - - -



- - - - -. kaze　風　wind . - - - - -

. kazairo ya shidoro ni ueshi niwa no aki .
(autumn) autumn in the garden. color of the wind

. kaze kaoru haori wa eri mo tsukurohazu .
(summer) fragrant wind. haori coat and neckband with patches

. kaze no ka mo minami ni chikashi Mogamigawa .
(summer) wind from the south. fragrance of the wind. river Mogamigawa


- - - - - . kaze no oto 風の音 the sound of wind - . - - - - -




. kazuki fusu futon ya samuki yo ya sugoki .
(winter) cold. futon bedding. to lie down. dreadful night


. kazu naranu mi to na omoi so tama matsuri .
(autumn) bon festival. do not think you did not count.
for his dead wife Jutei-Ni 寿貞尼 Juteini



- - - - - . keitoo 鶏頭 cockscomb . - - - - -

. keitoo ya kari no kuru toki nao akashi .
(autumn) geese. cockscomb becomes even more red


.............................................................................



. kesa chirishi Kaii no ochiba ya Tago no Ura .
(winter) fallen leaves) at Tago no Ura bay 田子の浦

. kesa no yuki nebuka o sono no shiori kana .
(winter) snow this morning, leek

. . . . .


- - - - - . keshizumi 消炭 (けしずみ) ash to extinguishing the fire / sumi 炭 ash . * - - - - -

. keshi-zumi ni maki waru oto ka Ono no oku .
(winter) charcoal from Ono. the sound of splitting firewood





- - - - - . kigo　季語 kidai　季題　season words used by Basho . - - - - -



- - - - - . - kiku 菊　chrysanthemum - . - - - - -
. . . . . kunichi 九日 Chrysanthemum Festival Day

. kangiku ya amazake tsukuru mado no saki .
(winter) winter chrysanthemum. sweet sake. window

. kangiku ya ko nuka no kakaru usu no hata .
(winter) winter chrysanthemum. rice bran beside the hand-mill

. kiku keitoo kiri tsukushi keri Omeikoo .
(autumn) chrysanthemum. for Saint Nichiren Memorial 御命講

. kiku ni dete Nara to Naniwa wa yoizukiyo .
(autumn) chrysanthemums. Nara and Naniwa. a crescent moon at night

. kiku no ato daikon no hoka sara ni nashi .
(autumn) chrysanthemum. radish. nothing else

. kiku no hana saku ya ishiya no ishi no ai.
(autumn) chrysanthemum, stone, stonemason

. kiku no ka ya Nara ni wa furuki hotoketachi .
(autumn) chrysanthemum. the old capital of NARA. old Buddha statues
-- and
kiku no ka ya Nara wa ikuyo no otokoburi

. kiku no ka ya niwa ni kiretaru kutsu no soko .
(autumn) chrysanthemum. fragrance, garden. sandal

. kiku no tsuyu ochite hiroe ba nukago kana .
(autumn) chrysanthemum. dew. propagule (mukago, nukago 零余子 )


. . . . .


. kimi hi o take yoki mono misen yukimaruge . 雪まるげ
(winter) snowman. you make a fire. I show you something nice (for Sora)


. kimi ya cho ware ya Sooji ga yumegokoro .
(spring) butterfly. You are. I am Chuang-tzu.


. kinbyoo no matsu no furusa yo fuyugomori .
(winter) winter seclusion. golden folding screen. old pine


. ki no moto ni shiru mo namasu mo sakura kana .
(spring) cherry blossoms. under trees. soup. fish salad


- - - - - . kinuta 砧 fulling block * . - - - - -

. kinuta uchite ware ni kikase yo ya boo ga tsuma .
(autumn) fulling block. to let me hear. wife of the priest




- - - - - . kire and kireji 切れ　－　切字　cut and cut markers . - - - - -



. kiri no ki ni uzura naku naru hei no uchi .
(autumn) quail is calling. paulownia tree. inside the garden wall



. kirigirisu wasurene ni naku kotatsu kana .
(winter) kotatsu heater, brazier. chrickets chirping.


. kiri shigure Fuji o minu hi zo omoshiroki .
(winter) Mount Fuji 富士山


. Kiso no tochi ukiyo no hito no miyage kana .
(autumn) chestnuts. souvenir from Kiso　木曽


. kite mo miyo jinbei ga haori hanagoromo .
(spring) cherry blossom viewing. come here and look! wearing a Jinbe robe (jinbei).



- - - - -. kitsuki bon 朽木盆 tray from Kitsuki town . * - - - - -



. kitsutsuki mo io wa yaburazu natsu kodachi .
(summer) woodpecker. hermitage. do not destroy. summer grove


. kiyoku kikan mimi ni koo taite hototogisu .
(summer) hototogisu. clear sound. burning incense near the ear


. Kiyotaki no mizu kumasete ya tokoroten .
(summer) Tokoroten jelly. draw water from river Kiyotaki

. kiyotaki ya nami ni chirikomu aomatsuba .
(autumn) pine needles. Kiyotaki waterfall. scattering
(a candidate for Basho's death hokku).
- - - - - kiyotaki ya nami ni chiri naki natsu no tsuki


. kochira muke ware mo sabishiki aki no kure .
(autumn) end of autumn. turn this way! I am lonely too
for his friend priest Kitamuki Unchiku 北向雲竹



. kochoo ni mo narade aki furu namushi kana .
(autumn) "leaf-worm" caterpillar. not a butterfly, autumn deepens



. kodai sasu yanagi suzushi ya ama ga tsuma .
(summer) coolness. fisherman's wife. small sea bream


- - - - - . kodomo 子供 child, children . - - - - -

. kodomora yo hiragao sakinu uri mukan .
(summer) melon. children. bindweed

. ko ni aku to moosu hito ni wa hana mo nashi .
(spring) cherry blossoms. one who says. I am tired of my children.

- - - - -


. koe ni mina nakishimaute ya semi no kara .
(summer) cicada slough, molt, skin, empty hull. it sang itself away


. koe sumite hokuto ni hibiku kinuta kana .
(autumn) fulling block. North Star. clear voice



. kogakurete chatsumi mo kiku ya hototogisu .
(spring) picking tea leaves. to hear. hototogisu





. - - - - - kogarashi 木枯らし, 木枯, 凩　－　こがらし　　winter drizzle - - - - - . 　　

. kogarashi ni iwa fukitogaru sugima kana .
kogarashi ni iwa fuki togaru sugi ma kana
(winter) rock. cedar tree

. kogarashi no mi wa Chikusai ni nitaru kana .
(winter) winter drizzle. I resemble (doctor) Chikusai


. kogarashi ya take ni kakurete shizumarinu .
(winter) winter drizzle. bamboo. to hide.

. . . . .




. ko hagi chire Masuho no ko-gai ko sakazuki .
(autumn) kohagi : small bush clover. small shells, small sake cups. Masuho


. Kohoogen dedokoro aware toshi no kure .
(winter) end of the year. where does it come from?
about a painting by Kano Motonobu Kohōgen 狩野元信 古法眼


. koke uzumu tsuta no utsutsu no nebutsu kana .
(autumn) tsuta vine. overgrown by moss. Amida prayer


. koko hotaru tagoto no tsuki to kurabeken .
(summer) fireflies. each field. moonlight, to compare



- - - - - . - kokoro こころ　－　心　 "heart", mind, soul - ### . - - - - -



- - - - - . koma 駒 - uma 馬 - Japanese horses . *
- - - - - komamukae, koma mukae 駒迎へ selecting tribute horses for court - - - - -


- - - - - . kometsuki 米搗き professional rice grain pounder . * - - - - -


. komo o kite tarebito imasu hana no haru　 .
(spring) spring in the capital. a man wearing a straw mat (komo 薦 *)


- - - - - . - Komojishi shuu 薦獅子集 Komojishi Shu Collection - ### . - - - - -



. ko ni aku to moosu hito ni wa hana mo nashi .
(spring) cherry blossoms. one who says. I am tired of my children.


. konnyaku no sashimi mo sukoshi ume no hana .
(spring) plum blossoms. raw Konnyaku food (a favorite of Basho)
- and
konnyaku ni kyoo wa urikatsu wakana kana




. kono aki wa nande toshiyoru kumo ni tori .
(autumn) . getting older. clouds. birds

. kono atari me ni miyuru mono wa mina suzushi .
(summer) coolness. everything around here is cool
- - - Juhachiro no Ki 十八楼ノ記 Tower of Eighteen - Gifu



. konoha chiru sakura wa karushi hinokigasa .
(autumn) falling leaves. cherry tree. so light. hat from cypress bark


. kono hodo o hana ni rei iu wakare kana .
(spring) cherry blossoms. how much to thank you. this departure


. kono hotaru tagoto no tsuki ni kurabemin .
(autumn) moon. reflected in each paddy. fireflies (from Seta)


. kono kokoro suiseyo hana ni goki ichigu .
(spring) cherry blossoms. this my heart you know. this begging set of bowls
for Kagami Shikoo 各務支考 Kagami Shiko


. kono matsu no mibae seshi yo ya kami no aki .
(autumn) autumn of the Gods. this pine. at Kashima Shrine 鹿島神宮 Kashima Jingu


. kono michi ya yuku hito nashi ni aki no kure .
(autumn) this road, nobody walks

. kono suji wa gin mo mishirazu fujiyuusa yo .
people do not know silver coins. how inconvenient
no kigo, non-seasonal part of the kasen Sarumino

. kono tera wa niwa ippai no bashoo kana .
(summer) banana plant. this temple. garden full of banana plants


. kono ume ni ushi mo hatsune to nakitsu beshi .
(spring) plum blossoms. an oxen might shout his first moo
for Sugawara Michizane


. kono umi ni waranji suten kasa shigure .
(winter) sleet. this sea. I throw away my straw sandals. my hat
at the home of 桐葉 Hayashi Toyo


. kono yado wa kuina mo shiranu toboso kana .
(summer) water rail. this lodging is not known. door

. kono yama no kanashisa tsuge yo tokorohori . 　
(autumn) yam potatoes. this mountain (this temple) tell us about the sad fate






. koomori mo ideyo ukiyo no hana ni tori .
(spring) cherry blossoms. bats come out


. koori nigaku enso ga nodo o uruhoseri .
(winter) ice. bitter. mole (sewer rat). just enough to drink


- - - - -
. kooshi goosu, gabushi 合子 - furugooshi 古合子 set of food bowls . * - - - - -



. kore ya yo no susu ni somaranu furu gooshi / goosu / gabushi .
(winter) cleaning soot. a set of bowls will not be colored by this world



- - - - - . koromogae 衣替え, 衣かへ 　changeing robes for summer . * - - - - -


- - - - - . koshi no wata 腰の綿, koshiwata 腰綿 "cotton wrapper around my hips" . * - - - - -


- - - - - . - kosode 小袖 short-sleeved kimono - . * - - - - -


- - - - - . kotatsu 炬燵　Kotatsu heater - okigotatsu 置炬燵　. * - - - - -



. kotobako ya furumono dana no sedo no kiku . 琴箱 *
(autumn) chrysanthemum. box for a koto 琴 zither. dealer of old, used things.


. koyoi tare Yoshino no tsuki mo juuroku ri .
(autumn) moon. tonight. Mount Yoshino. 16 Ri distance


. kozue yori ada ni ochikeri semi no kara .
(summer) cicada slough, molt, skin, empty hull. It falls from a twig


.......................................................................


- - - - - . kuchikiri, kuchi kiri kuchikiri 口切 opening a new jar of tea * . .

. kuchikiri ni Sakai no niwa zo natsukashiki .
(winter) opening a new jar of green tea. garden in Sakai. full of memories





- - - - - . kuina 水鶏 water rail. Rallus aquaticus . - - - - -

. kuina naku to hito no ieba ya Saya domari .
(summer) water rail. staying at Saya 佐屋



- - - - - . Kumasaka 熊坂長範 Kumasaka Chohan . * - - - - -
Kumasaka ga yukari ya itsu no tama matsuri
(autumn) Bon festival. Kumasaka was here




- - - - - . - kumo　雲 cloud, clouds - . - - - - -

. kumo kiri no zanji hyakkei o tsukushi keri .
(autumn) fog. clouds. a hundred scenes. (viewing Mount Fuji)

. kumo nani to ne o nan to naku aki no kaze .
(autumn) autumn wind, voice of a spider

. kumo no mine ikutsu kuzurete tsuki no yama .
(summer) billowing clouds. Mount Gassan 月山 (tsuki no yama)

. kumo o ne ni Fuji wa sugi nari no shigeri kana . .
(summer) leaves grow thick. clouds for roots. Mount Fuji. cedar

. kumo to hedatsu tomo ka ya kari no ikiwakare .
(spring) parting geese. like clouds drifting apart. separation from friends

- - - - -



. kuniguni no hakkei sara ni Kehi no tsuki .
(autumn) the moon at Kehi 気比の月, Tsuruga


- - - - - . kura 蔵 storehouse, warehouse . * - - - - -


. kuratsubo ni koboozu noru ya daiko hiki .
(winter) radish. radish pullers. boy. saddle

. kure kurete mochi o kodama no wabine kana / kurekurete .
(winter) pounding mochi rice-cakes. end of the year. echo. I sleep alone


. kuromori o nan to iu tomo kesa no yuki .
(winter) snow. this morning. black forest. how can I call it? (kuro mori)




- - - - - . - kusamakura 草枕 "grass pillow" - . ### - - - - -

. kusamakura inu mo shigururu ka yoru no koe .
(winter) sleet. "grass pillow" . a dog in the rain. voices of the night

. kusamakura makoto no hanami shite mo koyo .
(spring) cherry blossom viewing. grass pillow. go and experience it
for Yasomura Rotsuu 八十村路通 Rotsu -

- - - - -




. kusa no to mo sumikawaru yo zo hina no ie .
(spring) Hina dolls. this old thatched hut changes inhabitants
(Basho is now off to Oku no Hosomichi)

. kusa no to ya higurete kureshi kiku no sake .
(autumn) chrysanthemum sake. grass door. dusk
for Kawai Otokuni

. kusa no ha o otsuru yori tobu hotaru kana .
(summer) fireflies. falling from a blade of grass. flying away



. kusuri nomu sarademo shimo no makura kana .
(winter) frost on my pillow. I drink medicine but
- MORE about Basho and his chronic illness



. kutabirete yado karu koro ya fuji no hana .
(spring) wisteria flowers. I am so tired. looking for a lodging


. kuwa no mi ya hana naki choo no yosute-zake .
(summer) mulberries. hermit sake for the butterflies



. kyoo bakari hito mo toshiyore hatsushigure .
(winter) first winter drizzle. just today. growing older.


. kyoo yori ya kakitsuke kesan kasa no tsuyu .
(autumn) dew. from today on. the inscription erased. my traveler's hat




- - - - - . - Kyooto 京都 Kyoto, Kyo -　Miyako 都 / みやこ - ### . - - - - -

. Kyoo made wa mada nakazora ya yuki no kumo .
(winter) snow, clouds, half-way

. Kyoo ni te mo Kyoo natsukashi ya hototogisu . Kyoo nite mo
(summer) little cuckoo, longing for Kyoto

. Kyoo wa kuman kusen kunju no hanami kana .
(spring) ninety-nine thousand (people). watching cherry blossoms


. Kyoo mo tooku Narumi ga taharukeki umi o naka ni hedatete .
alone at the beach of Narumi

. Kyoo ni akite kono kogarashi ya fuyuzumai .
(winter) winter storm. I am bored by Kyoto. lodging in winter




. kyooku 狂句 Kyoku, comic verse . *


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Kashima Kiko

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- Kashima Kikoo 鹿島紀行 - A Visit to the Kashima Shrine
Kashima Moode 鹿島詣 Kashima Mode - A Pilgrimage to Kashima.



The Kashima shrine is dedicated to the deity
Takemikazuchi no mikoto (武甕槌大神) - Kashima Daijin (鹿島大神) "Great God at Kashima".
a patron of the martial arts and related to earthquakes.
The "Great God of Kashima" rode on a white deer from Kashima all the way to the Kasuga shrine in Nara as a divine messenger, and the deer became the symbol of Nara.

arare furi 霰ふり hail falls
is a special word (makurakotoba) to denote the God of Kashima in the Manyoshu poetry.

quote
Kashima Shinko 鹿島信仰 -
It is possible to think of Kashima faith as the sect based at Kashima Jingū in Kashima-machi, Ibaraki Prefecture, but it can broadly be divided into beliefs related to water, "tutelary of roads" (sae no kami 障の神（さえのかみ）), and Kashima shrines. Many regions and shrines bear the name "Kashima," and since these are usually found in river, stream, lake, or swamp areas, we can assume that the origins of Kashima faith are profoundly connected with water.
snip
. WKD : Kashima Jinguu 鹿島神宮 Shrine Kashima Jingu and its kigo .


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A Pilgrimage to Kashima.
From the 8th to the 12th month of 1687 Basho took a short trip to the Kashima Shrine to see the harvest moon. The night of the viewing was rainy and overcast, but he was able to visit with the Zen Buddhist priest with whom he had studied in Edo.

- English reference -



- Japanese Reference -


Click on the hyperlinks for further discussions of the poems by Basho.

under construction
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The Narrow Road to the Deep North and Other Travel Sketches
Matsuo Basho (Author), Nobuyuki Yuasa (Translator)

A VISIT TO THE KASHIMA SHRINE
Tr. Nobuyuki Yuasa

Visiting the Suma Beach on the night of the autumnal full moon, Teishitsu 洛の貞室, a poet from Kyoto, is said to have written,

松かげや月は三五夜中納言

Crouching under a pine
I watched the full moon,
Pondering all night long
On the sorrow of Chunagon.

Having for some time cherished in my mind the memory of this poet, I wandered out on to the road at last one day this past autumn, possessed by an irresistible desire to see the rise of the full moon over the mountains of the Kashima Shrine. I was accompanied by two men. One was a master- less youth and the other was a wandering priest. The latter was clad in a robe black as a crow, with a bundle of sacred stoles around his neck and on his back a portable shrine con­taining a holy image of the Buddha-after-enlightenment. This priest, brandishing his long staff, stepped into the road, ahead of all the others, as if he had a free pass to the World beyond the Gateless Gate.

I, too, was clad in a black robe, but neither a priest nor an ordinary man of this world was I, for I wavered ceaselessly like a bat that passes for a bird at one time and for a mouse at another. We got on a boat near my house and sailed to the town of Gyotoku, where, landing from our boat, we proceeded without hiring a horse, for we wanted to try the strength of our slender legs.

Covering our heads with cypress hats, which were a kind gift of a certain friend in the province of Kai, we walked along, till, having passed the village of Yahata we came to the endless grass-moor called Kamagai-no-hara. In China, it is said, there is a wide field where one can command a distance of one thousand miles by a single glance, but here our eyes swept over the grass unobstructed, till finally they rested upon the twin peaks of Mount Tsukuba soaring above the horizon. Rising into heaven, like two swords piercing the sky, these peaks vie with the famous twin peaks of Mount Rozan 廬山 in China.

雪は申さずまづむらさきのつくば哉
. yuki wa mosazu mazu murasaki no Tsukuba kana .

Not to mention
The beauty of its snow,
Mount Tsukuba shines forth
In its purple robes.

This is a poem written by Ransetsu, my disciple, upon his visit here. Prince Yamatotakeru also immortalized this mountain in his poem, and the first anthology of linked verse was named after this mountain. Indeed such is the beauty of the mountain that few poets have found it pos­sible to pass by it without composing a poem of their own, be it waka or haiku.

Scattered all around me were the flowers of bush-clover. As I watched them in amazement, I could not help ad­miring Tamenaka who is said to have carried sprays of bush-clover in his luggage all the way to Kyoto as a sou­venir. Among the bush-clover were other wild flowers in bloom, such as bellflower, valerian, pampas large and small, all tangled in great confusion. The belling of wild stags, probably calling their mates, was heard now and then, and herds of horses were seen stepping proudly as they trampled upon the grass.

We reached the town of Fusa on the banks of the River Tone towards nightfall. The fishermen of this town catch salmon by spreading wickerwork traps in the river, and sell it in the markets in Edo. We went into one of the fisher­men's huts and had a short sleep amidst the fishy smell. Upon waking, however, we hired a boat, and, descending the river under the bright beams of the moon, arrived at the Kashima Shrine.

On the following day it started to rain in the afternoon, and in no way could we see the rise of the full moon. I was told that the former priest of the Komponji Temple was living in seclusion at the foot of the hill where the shrine was situated. So I went to see him, and was granted a night's shelter. The tranquillity of the priest's hermitage was such that it inspired, in the words of an ancient poet, 'a profound sense of meditation' in my heart, and for a while at least I was able to forget the fretful feeling I had about not being able to see the full moon.

Shortly before day­break, however, the moon began to shine through the rifts made in the hanging clouds. I immediately wakened the priest, and other members of the household followed him out of bed. We sat for a long time in utter silence, watching the moonlight trying to penetrate the clouds and listening to the sound of the lingering rain. It was really regrettable that I had come such a long way only to look at the dark shadow of the moon, but I consoled myself by remem­bering the famous lady who had returned without composing a single poem from the long walk she had taken to hear a cuckoo.

The following are the poems we composed on this occasion:

おりおりにかはらぬ空の月かげもちぢのながめは雲のまにまに

Regardless of weather,
The moon shines the same;
It is the drifting clouds
That make it seem different
On different nights.
(by the priest 和尚)


月はやし梢は雨を持ながら
. tsuki hayashi kozue wa ame o mochinagara .

Swift the moon
Across the sky,
Treetops below
Dripping with rain.


寺にねてまことがほなる月見かな
. tera ni nete makoto gao ni naru tsukimi kana.

Having slept
In a temple,
I watched the moon
With a solemn look.
(Two by Tosei 桃青 - Basho) - at temple 根本寺 Konpon-Ji



雨にねて竹おきかへる月見かな

Having slept
In the rain,
The bamboo corrected itself
To view the moon.
(by Sora 曽良)


月さびし堂の軒端の雨しづく

How lonely it is
To look at the moon
Hearing in a temple
Eavesdrops pattering.
(by Soha 宗波)


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Poems composed at the Kashima Shrine 神前 :

此松の実ばえせし代や神の秋
. kono matsu no mibae seshi yo ya kami no aki .

In the days
Of the ancient gods,
A mere seedling
This pine must have been.
(by Tosei 桃青 - Basho)


ぬぐはばや石のおましの苔の露

Let us wipe
In solemn penitence
Dew-drops gathered
On the sacred stone.
(by Soha 宗波)


膝折やかしこまりなく鹿の声

In front of the shrine
Even stags kneel down
To worship,
Raising pitiful cries.
(by Sora 曽良)


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Poems composed at a farm-house 田家:

かりかけし田面の鶴や里の秋
karikakeshi tazura no tsuru ya sato no aki

A solitary crane
In the half-reaped paddies,
The autumn deepens
In the village.
(by Tosei 桃青 - Basho)


夜田かりに我やとはれん里の月

Under this bright moon
Over the village,
Let me help the farmers
Harvest rice.
(by Soha 宗波)


賤の子や稲すりかけて月をみる
. shizu no ko ya ine surikakete tsuki o miru .

A farmer's child
Hulling rice
Arrests his hands
To look at the moon.
(by Tosei 桃青 - Basho)


芋の葉や月まつ里の焼ばたけ
imo no ha ya tsuki matsu sato no yakibatake

Potato leaves
On incinerated ground,
I awaited tiptoe
The rise of the moon.
(by Tosei 桃青 - Basho)


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Poems composed in a field 野:

ももひきや一花すりの萩ごろも

Dyed a gay colour
My trousers will be
By the bush-clovers
In full bloom.
(by Sora 曽良)


　花の秋草にくひあく野馬かな

In mid-autumn
Horses are left to graze
Till they fall replete
In the flowering grass.
(by Sora 曽良)



萩原や一夜はやどせ山の犬
hagihara ya hito-yo wa yadose yama no inu

Bush clovers,
Be kind enough to take in
This pack of mountain dogs
At least for a night.
(by Tosei 桃青 - Basho) at 北総

Barnhill, in discussing this hokku, references an earlier version:
ookami mo hitoyo wa yadose hagi ga moto

even wolves:
be their shelter for a night:
within the bush clover
trans. David Barnhill


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Poems composed at Jijun's house where we stopped on our way home 帰路自準に宿す:

塒(ねぐら)せよわら干宿の友すずめ

Friend sparrows,
Sleep, if you please,
Haystack-enclosed
At my house.
(Written by the host 主人)


秋をこめたるくねのさし杉


Surrounded by a thick foliage of cedars,
Your house stands, pregnant with autumn.
(Written by a guest 客)

月見んと汐ひきのぼる舟とめて

We started out
On our moon-viewing trip,
Calling to halt
A boat ascending the river.
(by Sora 曽良)

The twenty-fifth of August, the Fourth Year of Jyokyo. 貞享丁卯仲秋末五日


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. priest Sooha 宗波 Soha of the Obaku Zen school .


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karikakeshi tazura no tsuru ya sato no aki

in the half harvested
rice paddies, a crane —
autumn in the village
Tr. Barnhill


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imo no ha ya tsuki matsu sato no yakibatake

taro leaves—
awaiting the moon
on the village’s burnt field
Tr. Barnhill


. WKD : imo 芋 (いも) Taro .
Colocasia antiquorum
The word imo is also used in combination for all kinds of other potatoes.
The translations for potatoe in Japan get mixed up easily.


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萩原や一夜はやどせ山の犬
hagihara ya hito-yo wa yadose yama no inu
hagi-hara ya

field of bush clovers —
be their shelter for a night:
mountain dogs
Tr. Barnhill


Bush clovers,
Be kind enough to take in
This pack of mountain dogs
At least for a night.
Tr. Yuasa

Basho is praying to the wolves, messengers of the Mountain Deity, not to come to this place tonight and let him sleep safely. He assures them that he also would not do anything to pollute their sacred field of residence.

. yama no inu, yama-inu, yamainu 山犬 "mountain dog", wolf .
As a messenger of the Mountain Deity, they protect the fields by chasing deer and wild boars, which often harm the fields.
They also protect travelers, by walking behind them in a good distance - 送り狼 okuri-ookami. If the traveler comes to a human settlement after walking in the woods, he would place one of his straw sandals on the ground with an offering of rice.
Other lonely travelers might be attacked by a pack of wolves and spent a night hanging high in the branches of a tree.


this field of bush clovers -
let it be my place of rest for one night,
you honorable wolves
Tr. Greve


Tsukioka Yoshitoshi 月岡芳年 (1839 – 1892)

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On a stone memorial in the Kashima Shrine compound


Photo by Rob Geraghty

名月や鶴脛高き遠干潟
meigetsu ya tsuru hagi takaki too higata


It is the full moon!
The crane's lower legs are tall
On far tidal flats
Tr. Rob Geraghty

With a photo of cranes :
source : www.pentaxforums.com

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鹿島紀行 - Kashima Kiko Sweets


source : www.bokuden.or.jp

Sweets made from sweet chestnuts from Mount Tsukuba and
autumn buckwheat of Hitachi.
筑波栗と常陸（金砂郷)秋そば

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. WKD : Kashima Jinguu 鹿島神宮 Shrine Kashima Jingu .


. Cultural Keywords used by Basho .

. - KIGO used by Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - .


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Morikawa Kyoroku

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- Morikawa Kyoroku / Kyoriku 森川許六 -

1656 - 1715
明暦2年8月14日（1656年10月1日） - 正徳5年8月26日（1715年9月23日））
26th day of the 8th lunar month － he was 60 at his death.
His name was 森川百仲.
He later used the names of Goroosei 五老井 Gorosei
無々居士 / 琢々庵/ 碌々庵 / 如石庵 / 巴東楼 / 横斜庵 / 風狂堂 and others.


source :　itoyo/basho

He was a samurai of the Hikone domaine 彦根藩.
His father was the important samurai 森川與次右衛門, who had lived and worked for 7 years in Otsu.

Kyoroku learned all the fighting skills of a samurai, but also traditional Chinese poetry and painting from the Kano school 狩野.
His haiku debut was with Kitamura Kingin. He was part of the Danrin Haikai school.
In 1689 he became a more serious haikai master and studied with Esa Shoohaku 江左尚白 Esa Shohaku ( 1650 - 1722) of the Basho disciples in Omi.

During a trip to Edo in 1691 he studied with Kikaku 宝井其角 and 服部嵐雪 Ransetsu.
In 1692 he met Basho in Fukagawa. Since he was a man of many talents and "six (roku) arts" 六芸 (spear, sword, horse riding, calligraphy, painting and haikai), Basho offered him the haikai name of Kyoroku 許六.
Kyoroku could only study with Basho for about 10 months, before he had to go back to his domaine in Hikone.
Basho wrote for him Saimon no Ji 柴門之辞, with all the secrets of haikai writing.
"The Rustic Gate" (Blyth)

One of the 10 important haiku disciples of Basho.
He was quite close to Basho in his later years. Kyoroku even taught Basho how to paint even better, since Kyoroku was an experienced painter himself of the Kano school of painting.
There are also some co-operations with poems by Basho on paintings by Kyoroku.

When he got news of the death of his beloved master, he cut a cherry tree, carved a statue of Basho and send it to Kawai Chigetsu 河合智月.
Later he opened haikai meetings in memory of the master at the temple Myooshooji 明照寺 Myosho-Ji in Hikone and compiled some volumes of his master's work.

- - - - - Some of Kyoroku's works
Fuzoku monzen 風俗文選
Haikai Mondoo 俳諧問答
Hentsuki 篇突
Infusagi 韻塞


旅ハ風雅の花 旅客・五老井許六 Gorosei Kyoroku


. shoomon jittetsu 蕉門十哲 the 10 most important disciples of Basho .
and one of the important discipled from Omi 近江蕉門.



Kyoroku Ki 許六忌 (きょろくき) Kyoroku Memorial Day
Goroosei Ki 五老井忌（ごろうせいき）Gorosei Memorial Day

kigo for mid-autumn
(now celebrated on September 23)

. WKD : Memorial Days of Famous People - Autumn .

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to the candle
the peony
is as still as death
Tr. Blyth

shizumari kaeru 静まりかえる

. WKD : Candle (roosoku 蝋燭) .


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Sora and Basho
Painting by Kyoroku when they left Edo for "Oku no Hosomichi.


Matsuo Basho send some poems to Kyoroku, knowing his disciple was to leave on to a journey:


旅人の心にも似よ椎の花
. shii no hana no kokoro ni mo niyo Kiso no tabi .

emulate the heart
of pasania blossoms:
a Kiso journey
Tr. Barnhill



憂き人の旅にも習へ木曾の蠅
. ukihito no tabi ni mo narae Kiso no hae .

learn from the journey
of a sorrowing wayfarer:
flies of Kiso
Tr. Barnhill

Written in 元禄6年5月6日, Basho age 50.




潺々　芭蕉・五老井の流れ - Sensen - the development of Basho and Gorosei
by Ishikawa Shuu 石川柊



- quoting Barnhill :
In the haibun “Praise for a Painting of Three Sages,” which was written on a portrait of the renga poet Sōgi and the haikai poets Yamazaki Sokan (16th century) and Arakida Moritake (1473–1549). The portrait was painted by Bashō ’s disciple Morikawa Kyoriku(1656–1715).

. tsuki hana no kore ya makoto no arujitachi .


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許六離別の詞
Written by Basho, when Kyoroku left
(Basho age 50)

去年の秋*，かりそめに面をあはせ，今年五月の初め，深切に別れを惜しむ．その別れにのぞみて，一日草扉をたたいて*，終日閑談をなす．その器*，画を好む．風雅を愛す．予こころみに問ふことあり．「画は何のために好むや」，「風雅のために好む」と言へり．「風雅は何のために愛すや」，「画のために愛す」と言へり．その学ぶこと二つにして，用いること一なり．まことや，「君子は多能を恥づ」といへれば，品二つにして用一なること，感ずべきにや．画はとって予が師とし，風雅は教へて予が弟子となす．されども，師が画は精神徹に入り，筆端妙をふるふ．その幽遠なるところ，予が見るところにあらず．予が風雅は，夏炉冬扇*のごとし．衆にさかひて，用ふるところなし*．
ただ，釈阿*・西行の言葉のみ，かりそめに言ひ散らされしあだなるたはぶれごとも，あはれなるところ多し．後鳥羽上皇の書かせたまひしものにも，「これらは歌にまことありて，しかも悲しびを添ふる」*と，のたまひはべりしとかや．されば，この御言葉を力として，その細き一筋をたどり失ふことなかれ．なほ，「古人の跡を求めず，古人の求めしところを求めよ」と，南山大師の筆の道*にも見えたり．「風雅もまたこれに同じ」と言ひて，燈火をかかげて，柴門の外に送りて別るるのみ．
source : itoyo/basho


- - - - - Hokku by Kyoroku

秋も早 かやにすぢかふ 天の川
うの花に 芦毛の馬の 夜明哉
茶の花の 香や冬枯の 興聖寺
苗代の 水にちりうく 桜かな
水筋を 尋ねてみれば 柳かな
もちつきや 下戸三代の ゆずり臼


寒菊の隣もあれや生け大根　　（『笈日記』）

涼風や青田のうへの雲の影　　（『韻塞』）
新藁の屋根の雫や初しぐれ　　（『韻塞』）

新麦や笋子時の草の庵　　（『篇突』）


麥跡の田植や遲き螢とき　　（『炭俵』）
やまぶきも巴も出る田うへかな　『炭俵』）
在明となれば度々しぐれかな　　『炭俵』）
はつ雪や先馬やから消そむる　　『炭俵』）
禅門の革足袋おろす十夜哉　　 ( 炭俵』）
出がはりやあはれ勸る奉加帳　　（『續猿蓑』）
蚊遣火の烟にそるゝほたるかな　　（『續猿蓑』）

娵入の門も過けり鉢たゝき　　（『續猿蓑』）
腸をさぐりて見れば納豆汁　　（『續猿蓑』）
十團子も小つぶになりぬ秋の風　（『續猿蓑』）
大名の寐間にもねたる夜寒哉　　（『續猿蓑』）

御命講やあたまの青き新比丘尼　（『去来抄』）

人先に医師の袷や衣更え　　（『句兄弟』）

夕がほや一丁残る夏豆腐　　（『東華集』）

木っ端なき朝の大工の寒さ哉　　（『浮世の北』）



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. shoomon jittetsu 蕉門十哲 the 10 most important disciples of Basho .


. Cultural Keywords used by Basho .

. - KIGO used by Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - .


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Kigo used by Basho

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- Kigo and kidai used by Matsuo Basho
松尾芭蕉と季語（季題）- Jahreszeitenworte -

quote
With the dramatic growth of haikai in the seventeenth century, the number of new seasonal words grew rapidly.
- snip - ... while the number of seasonal words grew at an astounding pace, the number of seasonal topics remained relatively limited.

source : Haruo Shirane
Japan and the Culture of the Four Seasons:
Nature, Literature, and the Arts

seasonal words - read kigo
seasonal topics - read kidai

tatedai 縦題 -　竪題　"vertical dai"
yokodai 横題 "horizontal dai"

kigo 季語, short for kisetsu no kotoba　季節の言葉　- a word indicating the season
. WKD - Kidai and Kigo　季題と季語 .

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- - - Saijiki in the Edo period

Kitamura Kigin - Yama no I "Mountain Well" 北村季吟『山之井』 Yama no I
1624 -1705］comp. 1647-8
It contained 1300 kidai and season words.

............... later republished as
Zoo yama no i "Expanded Mountain Well "Yama no I" 1667



Kigin 季吟　was the haikai master and teacher of Matsuo Basho.

I assume that Basho and other disciples of Kigin studied these words in depth and knew all these kidai by heart after about one year (going through the four seasons) of their apprenticeship. After that time of study they passed the knowledge on to their own disciples.

Since seasonal references play an important role in the linked verse RENKU　連句, a haikai master like Basho had a lot to teach to his disciples.


. WKD : History of Japanese Saijiki 歳時記 . 　　


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. WKD : KIGO ABC INDEX .

The kigo used by Basho are usually marked in the ABC index of this archive.
Check the tabs on the right.

- - - - - (For now) I prepared three special Basho SAIJIKI , they comprise also most of the cultural keywords that also figure as kidai:

. Basho SAIJIKI - gyooji 行事 - observances and rituals .

. Basho SAIJIKI - seikatsu 生活 - daily life, humanity .


. Basho SAIJIKI - tenmon 天文 - heaven .


- - - - -

Here I will add a few more summaries of hokku by Basho with a certain kigo.


In the pre-Meiji era (before 1868), almost all hokku/haiku contained a kigo.
For example,
Japanese experts have classified
only 10 of Matsuo Bashō's hokku in the miscellaneous (zō) category
(out of about 1,000 hokku).
The kigo saijiki KIGOSAI lists 1031 hokku, three of them have no kigo.
Other poems of the 5 7 5 type by Basho appeared in the middle part of a renku or kasen, where no season word was required.
They would not be seen as HOKKU　発句 - first KU in a linked verse - in his time. (see below, zappai).


The fifth season of "New Year" had not been invented yet, since the Asian lunar calendar determined the seasons.
"First Spring" was the New Year's Day or New Year's season, which lastet 15 days until the full moon of the first lunar month.
. WKD : The Haiku Seasons - then and now .


. WKD - Kigo used in Haiku .

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Seasonal references were very important in the poetry of Japan since the Heian period. Manuals with collections of seasonal words grew as composing poetry moved on from the aristocracy to the townspeople of the Edo period.
For composing linked verses (renga) it was necessary to have a set of seasonal references.
Basho and his disciples played an important role in the growing interest of seasonal references, finding more and more seasonal items to include in their poetry.

This trend has been going on in our times, where modern words like "airconditioning" become a kigo as soon as a haiku poet makes use of the word in his poem.

On the other hand cultural kigo of the daily life popular in the Edo period have become obsolete, as the items themselves are not used any more.
This gives birth to even more saijiki to broaden our knowledge and understanding :

Enjoy Old Kigo ! by Uda Kiyoko
古季語と遊ぶ . 宇多喜代子

. History of Japanese Saijiki .


- - - - - Please try to read Haruo Shirane

Japan and the Culture of the Four Seasons
source : www.amazon.com

- quote
the main points:

Secondary Nature: cultural surrogates for primary nature
-- textual (poetry, tales, etc.)
-- cultivated (gardens, meisho, ikebana, bonsai, food, etc.)
-- visual representations (painting, ukiyoe, architecture, dress, etc.)
-- performative (noh, kauki, festivals, annual observances)


Contrastive Typographies of Nature
waka-based nature: elegant, highly encoded, emphasis on color, scent, and sound (birds, insects, deer), harmony.

Satoyama (farm village)-based nature: nature as bounty/harvest, nature as feared and worshipped,animals/plants as gods (kami), and everyday animals, birds, and plants


Below are relevant excerpts from Haruo Shirane's new book, Japan and the Culture of the Four Seasons: Nature, Literature, and the Arts:

One of the major reasons for the prominence of nature and the four seasons in Japanese literary and visual culture is the impact of Japanese poetry, particularly the thirty-one-syllable waka (classical poetry), the main literary genre of the premodern period. Indeed, all the major types of Japanese poetry -- kanshi (Chinese-style poetry), waka, renga (classical linked verse), and haikai (popular linked verse) -- use natural themes extensively.

Even those poems that appear on the surface to describe only landscape or nature serve to express particular emotions or thoughts. Japanese poetry rarely uses overt metaphor (for example, 'My love is a rose.'). Instead, the description of a flower, a plant, an animal, or a landscape became an implicit description of a human or an internal state.

Metonymy, especially the construction of a larger scene from a small detail, also played a crucial role, particularly in short forms like waka and seventeen-syllable hokku (opening verse of renga sequence). From the perspective of the reader, all such poetry will potentially have a surface (literal) meaning and a deeper meaning. Representations of nature in aristocratic visual culture -- whether painting, poetry, or design --- are thus seldom simply decorative or mimetic; they are almost always culturally and symbolically encoded, and that encoding tends to evolve with time and genre.

Each seasonal topic generated a cluster of associations, and the seasons (along with famous poetic places) developed associative clusters that became part of a cultural vocabulary.

The highly encoded system of seasonal representation created by poetry provided an enduring foundation for an increasingly complex and multilayered view of the four seasons.

In a country in which little original wilderness survives, reconstructed nature -- in the form of replanted forests, cultivated gardens, famous places (meisho), and shrinesand temple grounds -- has contributed to the greening of both the countryside and the urban environment. For city dwellers, who make up the vast majority of the population, representations of nature . . . raise awareness of the seasons . . . Although nature may be far away, it is relived or recaptured in the cultural imagination.

The pervasiveness of secondary nature in Japanese culture has often been mistaken for a closeness to or a belief in Japanese harmony with nature.
- source : neverendingstoryhaikutanka.blogspot.jp





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From this BLOG, entries with the lable KIGO
. Basho Archives - KIGO entries .


This is a growing list. Please come back again !
This part is under construction.
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. - aki no kure 秋の暮 - autumn dusk - .


botan　牡丹　peony
. WKD : botan　牡丹　peony .


. - cha 茶　tea - Tee - .


. - choo,蝶 choochoo 蝶々 butterfly - .
and the Chinese sage Chuang-Tsu (Chuang Tzu), Sooji 荘子 Soji、Zhuangzi


. fuyugomori 冬籠り winter confinement, winter isolation .


hagi 　萩 bush clover
. WKD : hagi 　萩 bush clover .



. hanami 花見 cherry-blossom viewing .
hanagoromo 花衣 robes for cherry-blossom viewing
hanamori 花守 warden of the cherry trees
hana no yado 花の宿 lodging with cherry blossoms
sakuragari 桜狩 "hunting for cherry blossoms"


. - hatsumono 初物 first things - .

. - hotaru 蛍 (ほたる) firefly, fireflies - .

. - hototogisu ホトトギス - .


. - izayoi 十六夜 moon on night 16 - sixteenth night moon - .



. - kari 雁 goose geese, wild geese - .

. - kiku 菊 chrysanthemum - .


kogarashi
. Withering Wind, Cold Gale (kogarashi 木枯らし, 木枯, 凩) .


. kusu no ki 楠木 camphor tree .
and the samurai Kusunoki Masashige 楠木正成


makuwa, makuwauri - Matsuo Basho liked makuwa uri very much and wrote quite a few haiku about them.
. WKD : makuwa uri 真桑瓜 Makuwa melon .

. - meigetsu 名月 harvest moon - .



. - nazuna 薺 sheperd's purse - . *

. - neko　猫　cat - .
neko no koi 猫の恋 cat in love
neko no tsuma 猫の妻 wife of the cat



. ran 蘭 orchid, orchids .


. - samidare　五月雨 - June rain .

. - semi 蝉 cicada / semi no koe　蝉の声 - . *

. - shigure 時雨 winter drizzle, sleet - .

shirauo, shira uo 白魚 whitabait
. WKD : Whitebait (shirauo 白魚) .

. - sumi 炭 charcoal - Ono-zumi小野 charcoal from Ono and more - .

. - suzushisa 涼しさ coolness - and suzumi　涼み －.




taki 滝 waterfall
. WKD : Waterfall, taki 滝 / baku 瀑 .


. Tanabata 七夕 Star Festival .
hoshi-ai, hoshi ai 星合 "the stars are meeting"


. - taue, ta-ue, ta ue 田植 rice planting - .

. - toogarashi 唐辛子 red pepper - .


. - toshi no kure 年の暮 end of the year - SAIJIKI humanity .

. - tsukimi 月見 viewing the full moon of autumn - .


. - tsuyu 露 dew, dewdrops - .



. - uguisu 鶯 nightingale, bush warbler - .

. - ume ga ka 梅が香 plum fragrance - .
and PLUM



. - yuugao 夕顔 bottle gourd - .
moonflower
- - - - - and
asagao 朝顔 morning glory

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- - - - - hokku with three kigo

春もやや気色ととのふ月と梅
. haru mo yaya keshiki totonou tsuki to ume .
spring, moon and plum blossoms


摘みけんや茶を凩の秋とも知らで
. tsumiken ya cha o kogarashi no aki to mo shirade .

(spring) picking tea leaves. winter storm. autumn.



- - - - - hokku with four kigo

冬牡丹千鳥よ雪のほととぎす
. fuyu botan chidori yo yuki no hototogisu .
(winter) snow. winter peonies, plover, hototogisu (4 kigo in one poem!)


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－－－－－　hokku and poems with NO kigo - muki 無季　- zappai　雑俳　
. - zappai　雑俳, zoo 雑 Zo - miscellaneous - .
Including middle poems of a renku, where no kigo was required.



季語別「芭蕉全句集」(1031句) - kigosai - Kigo Saijiki
List of 1031 hokku by Basho, according to the kigo he used.
Only 3 hokku listed do not have a kigo.
source : kigosai.sub.jp


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quote - Richard Gilbert
After haiku became a fully independent genre, the term "kigo" was coined by Otsuzi Ōsuga (1881-1920) in 1908.
"Kigo" is thus a new term for the new genre approach of "haiku."
So, when we are looking historically at hokku or haikai stemming from the renga tradition, it seems best to use the term "kidai."

Bashō regards kidai as a way to commune with the creative power of nature (zōka). Bashō does not regard kidai as a rule, but rather as a word or keyword establishing a relationship with kokoro (heart, mind). Kaneko Tohta paraphrases: “Bashō said to his disciples, ‘find kidai for yourself. If you are unable to do this, you cannot become a good haikaishi (haiku poet).’” Importantly, this is not because kidai is primary in itself, but rather that without finding an expression of language which unites Self with zōka, one cannot achieve a deep sense of heart (i.e. knowing).

Basho also has said, “Even if the word is not traditional kidai, in the case that the word has enough quality to be kidai, do choose it and use it. When you find a new kidai, it will be a great gift for the next generation” (Kyoraishō)."

The Heart in Season: Sampling the Gendai Haiku Non-season Muki Saij
source : Richard Gilbert - Simply Haiku 2006


. WKD : Kigo and Kidai 季語　- 季題　 .

Oosuga Otsuji 大須賀乙字 Osuga Otsuji
(?Seki Osuga), born in Fukushima.

季語といふも季題といふも実は同一の意味の言葉である。
source : www.miraiku.com/


. WKD - Kidai and Kigo　季題と季語 .

. WKD : KIGOs ABC INDEX .


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[ . BACK to WORLDKIGOS . TOP . ]
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