Mukai Kyorai

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- Mukai Kyorai 向井去来 -

1651 - 1704
慶安4年（1651年） - 宝永元年9月10日（1704年10月8日）




応々といへど敲くや雪の門
oo to iedo tataku ya  yuki no mon

'Yes, yes!' I answered,
But someone still knocked
At the snow-mantled gate
Tr. Blyth


and his home,
Rakushisha 落柿舎 "Hermitage of the fallen persimmon"

. WKD : Persimmon (kaki) .


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Kyoraisho, Kyorai-sho, Kyorai Sho 去來抄
Writing of Kyorai, Conversations with Kyorai
one of the most important studies of Basho. A record of conversions of Basho with his disciples.

さびは句の色なり。 閑寂なる句をいふにあらず。 たとへば、老人の甲冑をたいし 戦場に働き、
錦繍をかざり御宴に侍りても、老の姿有るがごとし。

sabi wa ku no iro nari.
kanjaku naru ku wo iu ni arazu. tatoeba, roujin no katchuu wo taishi senjou ni hataraki,
kinshuu wo kazari goen ni haberitemo, oi no sugata aru ga gotoshi.

Sabi is the color of haiku.
It is different from tranquility.
For example, if an old man dresses up in armour and helmet and goes to the battlefield,
or in colorful brocade kimono, attending (his lord) at a banket, [sabi] is like this old figure.
Tr. Zoltan Barczikay


quote
‘Yamei asked me, what the "sabi" of a poem was?
I said that sabi was in the colour of a poem, not in its subject, however sombre it may be. It is like an old man in armour fighting in a battle, or a man drinking and feasting in his best clothes, and yet looking aged. It can be found in both gay poems and sad poems.
I gave a poem of my own as an example:

hanamori ya shiroki kashira o tsukiawase

The flower keepers —
They put their heads together,
Frosted with white hair.

My master praised this poem, saying that the colour of sabi is well described in it.’
source : Yuasa in haijinx




去來抄 - 口語訳
source : sasa.org/library

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Rakushisha 落柿舎（らくししゃ）
"Hermitage of the fallen persimmon"
is the cottage of Genroku poet Mukai Kyorai 向井去来.
Kyorai was one of ten disciples of the haiku poet, Matsuo Basho.

quote
The cottage was listed in the Shui Miyako Meisho Zue, an Edo period travel book that listed famous places to see in Kyoto. The name of the place is derived from a story of how Kyorai achieved enlightenment.
As the story goes, Kyorai had forty persimmon (kaki) trees planted around the hut. One autumn, when they were heavy with fruit, he had arranged to sell the persimmons. But during the night before they were to be picked, a great storm arose. The following morning, not a single persimmon remained on the trees. As a result Kyorai was enlightened and from that point forward called the hut and garden, Rakushisha or 'the cottage of the fallen persimmons'.
The poem he wrote for the occasion is inscribed on a stone in the garden:

かきぬしや こずえはちかき あらしやま
柿主や梢はちかきあらし山
kakinushi ya kozue wa chikaki Arashiyama

Master of Persimmons
Treetops are close to
Arashiyama

There's a bit of word play here. Arashiyama is a mountain near Kyoto but it means literally 'Storm Mountain'.

Basho visited here three times, in 1689, 1691 and 1694.
source : jgarden.org : Rakushisa


quote
Having been born into a Samurai family, Kyorai was a man of exemplary character and held a spirit worthy of bushi (warrior) all through his life. Not a few of his hokku reflect such personality of his.
For example:

元日や家にゆずりの太刀帯ん　
Ganjitsu ya ie ni yuzuri no tachi hakan

New Year’s Day...
today I shall wear the special sword
handed down for generations

Kyorai was a brave man. One episode which is testimonial to his bravery is to be found in a book entitled “Rakushi-sha Kyorai-Sensei Jijitsu” (Facts of Master Kyorai of Rakushi-sha) written by Genchu Mukai

Susumu Takiguchi
source : worldhaikureview2


It is possible that Kyorai began to practice haikai shortly before the compilation of Ichiro-Fu in the summer of 1685. A year before that, namely the first year of Jokyo (1684), Kikaku came up to Kyoto and stayed there for some time during which he had kukai meetings with local haikai poets. This resulted in the compilation of the anthology Shimi-Shu. Kyorai’s name was not yet found in it.
...
The second year of Jokyo (1685) was very important for Kyorai in another way. That is to say that in this year Kyorai had a second home built in Saga area of Western Kyoto. This was the detached house which was to become Rakushi-Sha (Falling Persimons Pavillion) when in 2 Genroku (1689) Kyorai came back from his visit to Nagasaki. There were as many as forty persimmon trees in this second house which indicates that it was quite a sizable estate.

Kyorai’s main house is said to have been situated near Shogo-in in Okazaki. He must have been a man of substance if in addition to this main house he could afford to buy a large estate even if it was in the countryside. There were forest lands in Shogo-in. The area where Kyorai’s main house was located is held to have been called Okazaki Village. Kyorai’s family was a rich family with successful medical doctors. However, Kyorai was not a doctor himself and quite how he amassed wealth is a moot point.

Susumu Takiguchi
source : worldhaikureview2 - 2012



quote
After Bashô’s journey, which he recorded in The Narrow Road to the Depths (Oku no hosomichi), the Shômon haikai witnessed a stylistic change in the 1690s, as Bashô’s disciple Kyorai observed:

"When the late Master came back to the capital from his journey to the far North, our school’s style changed drastically. We all carried a knapsack to see the Master at the Unreal Dwelling, or attended his lectures at the Fallen Persimmons Cottage.
Most of us learned the essentials of the Master’s teaching during that time. Hisago and Sarumino were the results."

Hisago (Gourd, 1690) and Sarumino (Monkey’s straw raincoat, 1691)
are two haikai collections compiled under Bashô’s direct supervision.

The collections, particularly Sarumino, are generally considered representative of the Shômon style of the 1690s, which Bashô describes as karumi (lightness). In karumi, Bashô called for naturalness and spontaneity in haikai composition as opposed to the heavy conceptual implications of earlier haikai.

“Naturalness” does not seem to be a very unique characteristic in literary theories, but to achieve naturalness in haikai is not so easy. As we have seen, the strict compositional rules inherited from renga predetermined the occurrence of seasons and themes at certain locations of a sequence and required poets to compose on cherry blossoms and the moon at particular places and limited times. They also restricted the mention of specific topics to a number of successive links, and even prescribed in what form a line cuts and a link ends.
Clearly, these regulations made it extremely difficult to achieve naturalness in haikai composition.
Moreover, in order to transform haikai from an entertaining pastime to a high art, for more than a decade Bashô and his followers tried to infuse it with a greater cultural and literary import.
Their adaptation of Daoist themes in the 1680s was a major part of this effort.

source : Basho-and-the-Dao - Peipei-Qiu

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Mukai Kyorai 向井去来 (むかい きょらい)
1651～1704
Reference : Mukai Kyorai



. Mukai Chine 向井千子 . (? - 1688)
his sister, who died very young, age 25 only.

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- - - - - NAGASAKI - - - - -



quote
Nagasaki no nagaki mo towan kumo-gasumi

wishing to know
how long the spring mist extends
over Nagasaki

This poem is said to be one which Kyorai wrote wistfully longing to return to his hometown, Nagasaki. This actually came true in Genroku 2 (1689).

When he was only 8 years old, his father, Gensho, took the whole family from Nagasaki to live in Kyoto. It was in Manji 1 (1658). This means that Kyorai was away from his birth place for 31 long years. He was already 38 years old.

He arrived there in summer which quickly turned autumn when he had to leave back for Kyoto already. He left behind a poem which since has become one of his most celebrated haiku:

kimi ga te mo majiru naru beshi hana-susuki

your waving hand
must be mingled among
the pampas grass

His family and friends did not want him to go and came as far as the hill called Himi, the boundary, to see him off, where there were pampas grass waving in the autumn wind as they said the final goodbye to the departing traveller. This haiku was published in the famous Sarumino(The Monkey’s Straw Raincoat) and the kotoba-gaki (a kind of note) says “Departing Ushichi at the Himi Hill when coming back from Chikushi (the Province of Nagasaki)”. Ushichi was a relative of his, said to be either his nephew or cousin or cousin-in-law, and was very close to Kyorai in that he discussed haikai with Kyorai a lot and had tutorial from him.

The Himi Hill is now part of the administrative district of the City of Nagasaki and calledSusuki-zuka-cho. There is a stone monument there which was erected in Tenmei 4 (1784), bearing this haiku. To reach there you follow the old Nagasaki Gaido and climb up to the Himi-toge which will lead to Yagami-mura and Susuki-zuka can be found there. It is very picturesque and it commands a fine view of the Mount Unzen. In the past one could not enter or come out Nagasaki except for passing this particular route. It is believed that this haiku was the only known poem Kyorai wrote in commemoration of his first return to his homeland.

. . . . . Are there any other stone monuments in Nagasaki with inscriptions of Kyorai’s poems? The answer is in the affirmative.

MORE
source : Susumu Takiguchi


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Arashiyama 嵐山 "Storm Mountain"
is a district on the western outskirts of Kyoto, Japan. It also refers to the mountain across the Ōi River, which forms a backdrop to the district. Arashiyama is a nationally-designated Historic Site and Place of Scenic Beauty.



Iwatayama Monkey Park
"Moon Crossing Bridge" (渡月橋,Togetsukyō), Togetsukyo
tombstone of the Heike courtesan Kogo of Sagano
hamlet of Kiyotaki and Mt Atago
Kameyama koen
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !


六月や峯に雲置あらし山
rokugatsu ya mine ni kumo oku Arashiyama

Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉


the six month -
clouds are laying on the summit
of Mount Arashiyama
Tr. Gabi Greve



the sixth month --
with clouds laid on its summit
Mount-Arashi
Tr. Ueda Makoto

Basho is referring to the sixth lunar month.

. Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - Archives of the WKD .

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徳山の蕎麦白妙や綿もふく
Tokuyama no soba shirotae ya wata mo fuku

. Tokuyama Kaido 徳山街道 Tokuyama Highway / Gifu .

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. WKD : Persimmon (kaki 柿) .


. Cultural Keywords used by Basho .

. - KIGO used by Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - .


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Names of Persons

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- Names of Persons - Personen -

In some of his hokku, Basho uses the name of a person directly.

In others the hokku is very closely related to the life of a person and the reader needs to know him/her well to properly understand the meaning.

Personification (擬人化 gijinka)
and the use of metaphors (隠喩 inyuu) are other problems, see below.

The Japanese haiku in its relation to the season is also often called
"kisetsu no aisatsu", a seasonal greeting,
whereby the kigo carries the seasonal message and mood.

quote
In the hokku　発句 first verse of a renku 連句　linked poem of the Edo period and up to our times this was usually written by the most important guest (very often Matsuo Basho) as a greeting to the host.
By carefully choosing a plant or an animal for example the guest poet could playfully hint at a feature or characteristic of his host.
It can also feature a placename 地発句（じほっく） jihokku.
jibokku is a term used by Shirane, Traces of Dreams, page 169
source : books.google.co.jp



quote
- The Poet as Guest
Basho was constantly meeting with poeple to compose linked verse - encounters that usually resulted in greetings or expressions of gratitude. Almost half of the roughly 250 hokku in Basho's three famous travel accounts - Skeleton in the Fields, Backpack Notes and Narrow Road to the Interior - originally functioned as social adresses or replies of this sort.
- Shirane, Traces of Dreams, p. 160
source : books.google.co.jp/books



quote
- Pacifying the Dead
Basho's poetry and prose often functioned as an offering to the spirit of the dead, a ritual derives from a long Japanese tradition of spirit pacification (chinkon).
- Shirane, Traces of Dreams, p. 180
source : books.google.co.jp/books



senbetsu ku　餞別句 "Good Bye" poem
Basho wrote quite a few for his disciples, when they had to leave him.

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quote
The human element is in the tacit awareness of the creature present in the wider processes of creation. When Basho brings in the personal it inevitably becomes the springboard to the universal.
- Hansha Teki


. Matsuo Basho - Family Ties .
His Wife ? Jutei-Ni 寿貞尼
His Son ? Jirobei 二郎兵衛
His nephew Tooin 桃印　Toin


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. Akechi Mitsuhide 明智光秀 .
killed Oda Nobunaga

Amano Toorin 天野桃隣 (1639 - 1719). 天野勘兵衛, 藤太夫
from Iga, Ueno, possibly a blood relative of Basho


. Amidaboo　Amida bō 阿弥陀坊　Amida Bo, Monk Amida .


. Bokushi (460- 380 BC ?) .
Chinese philosopher Mo Di (Mo Ti), better known as Mozi (Mo-tzu)



. Chikusai 竹斎 shabby doctor Chikusai .


. Enomoto - Kikaku Takarai Kikaku 宝井其角 (1661-1707) .
Enomoto Toojun 榎本東順 Enomoto Tojun (? - 1693)
Father of Kikaku


. Gichiku 宜竹 Too Saburo 藤三郎 Gichiku 宜竹 (ぎちく) .


. Hitomi Izumo no Kami 人見出雲守 . polisher of mirrors in Kyoto


Ikkyuu Sojun 一休宗純 (1394-1481) Ikkyu, a Zen priest .
. Ikkyuu ga kawarake kawanu toshi no ichi .



. Kinoshita Chooshooshi 木下長嘯子 / 長嘯 Kinoshita Choshoshi .
(1569 - 1649) Chooshoo 長嘯


. Kohoogen, Kohōgen 古法眼 Kohogen .
Kano Motonobu 狩野元信 Kanō Motonobu
1476―1559）famous painter of the Kano School.

. Kumasaka 熊坂長範 Kumasaka Chohan .
Robber from Ishikawa


. Mafukuda 真福田 priest Mafukuda.
and saint Gyoki Bosatsu


. Matsuo Toosei 松尾桃青 Matsuo Tosei.
Matsuo Basho referring to himself, before he changed his name to "Basho".


. Ochikubo 落窪 .
and Shirara しらら, Kyōtarō (Kyootaroo) 京太郎 Kyotaro


. Rosei 廬生 Lu Sheng . 　
(713 - 741) China


. Saigyo Hooshi 西行法師 (1118 - 1190) .
Monk and Poet


Seishi, Lady Seishi 西施
. - - - Station 32 - Kisagata - - - .
Oku no Hosomichi


. Shiro 子路 Zhong You (Zilu) . (543 - 481)
tsuki shiroki shiwasu wa Shiro ga nezame kana


. Shooshoo no ama 少将の尼 the nun Shosho .
Sooheki Mon-In no Shooshoo 藻壁門院少将 Soheki Mon-In no Shosho


. Soogi, Iio Soogi 飯尾 宗祇 Iio Sogi . （1421―1502)
yo ni furu mo sara ni Soogi no yadori kana


Suigaku Sooho 水学宗甫 Suigaku Soho - a famous water engineer
. suigaku mo norimono kasan ama-no-gawa .


Yoshinaka, Minamoto no Yoshinaka 源義仲
. Yoshinaka no nezame no yama ka tsuki kanashi .

. Yoshitomo, Minamoto no Yoshitomo 源義朝 .
Yoshitomo no kokoro ni nitari aki no kaze

. Yoshitsune, Minamoto no Yoshitsune 源の義経　 .

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- haiku dedicated to persons and names of his disciples -

Letters of condolence for a family member and other kinds of events, greeting his friends.

Sometimes Basho uses the name of an animal to talk about his friends and disciples.
I will call them "Mister xyz".


Aki no Boo 秋之坊 Akinobo, Aki no Bo, (? - 1718) Kanazawa


Akokuso 阿古久曾 - Ki no Tsurayuki
. Ki no Tsurayuki 紀貫之 .
Akokuso no / kokoro mo shirazu / ume no hana


Arakida Moritake 荒木田守武. haikai master (1473 - 1549)
. aki no kaze Ise no hakahara nao sugoshi .


. Asai Saryuu 浅井左柳 Asai Saryu . Samurai from Ogaki
hayoo sake kunichi mo shikashi yado no kiku


Baigan 梅丸, from Ogaki, who had lost his son
. ume ga ka ni mukashi no ichiji aware nari .

Benkei, Musashibo Benkei 弁慶　武蔵簿弁慶　and his oi 笈　（wooden backpack)
. oi mo tachi mo satsuki ni kazare kaminobori .

Bokusetsu 木節 (Kibushi) - Mochizuki Bokusetsu 望月木節
. aki chikaki kokoro no yoru ya yojoohan .
sharing a a four-and-a-half mat tea room


. Boosen 防川 Bosen . - disciple of Basho
ka o saguru ume ni kura miru nokiba kana


. Butchoo, Butchō 仏頂和尚 / 佛頂和尚 Priest Butcho .
kitsutsuki mo io wa yaburazu natsu kodachi / Oku no Hosomichi, Station 8


Chichibu Dono 秩父殿 Lord of Chichibu Domaine
Hatakeyama Shigetada (畠山重忠, 1164–1205)
. mukashi kike Chichibu dono sae sumootori .

Chookoo 長虹 Choko, priest in Nagoya
. awa hie ni toboshiku mo arazu kusa no io .



Daiten 大顛和尚 High Priest at temple Engaku-Ji, Kamakura 円覚寺
. ume koite u no hana ogamu namida kana .
On the death of high priest Daiten 大顛和尚 - 幻吁 Genku

. Deikin 泥芹 from Fukagawa .

Doo-En 道円 priest Do-En
. sono katachi miba ya kareki no tsue no take .
On his death


. En-no-Gyôja 役行者 En no Gyoja, founder of Shugendo .
natsuyama ni ashida o ogamau kadode kana


. Enomoto Shidoo 槐本之道 Shido .
Tookoo - 東湖 - Toko "East Lake" . from Osaka

Esa Shoohaku 江佐尚白 Esa Shohaku (? - 1722)
from Zeze


Etsudoo 悦堂和尚（えつだう) Etsudo
. ka o nokosu ranchoo ran no yadori kana .


Fuboku - Okamura Fuboku 岡村不卜
Ichiryuuken Fuboku 一柳軒不卜
. hototogisu naku ne ya furuki suzuri-bako / suzuribako .
his inkstone box


Fugyoku 不玉（伊東) Ito 伊東玄順. Doctor from Sakata.
Oku no Hosomichi


Fujiwara no Sadaie 藤原定家
. matsusugi o homete ya kaze no kaoru oto .
Shigure no Matsu 時雨の松 The Pine of Winter Drizzle


. Fujiwara no Sanekata 藤原実方 .
Toono chuujoo Sanekata 藤中将実方 Tono Chujo Sanekata


Fujiya Rosen 藤屋露川 (? - 寛保3年8月23日) from Nagoya


Fukada Zankoo 深田残香 Fukada Zanko
from Mino, Ogaki. 深田市右衛門

. Fukagawa Happin 深川八貧 "Eight Beggars of Fukagawa" .


Fuugen 風弦 Fugen -“Strings of Wind,” this pseudonym of one of Bashô’s disciples.
“‘Fûgen,’ ‘The Strings of Wind,’ is neither a zither, nor a large harp; it needs no plectrum to play, nor does it need bridges. It can make music as the piping of Heaven, and never falls into a scale of worldly notes.
source : Basho-and-the-Dao - Peipei-Qiu


. Fuuryuu 風流 Furyu - 澁谷甚兵衛 Shibuya Shinbei .


Ganjin 鑑真 (688–763) founder of Temple Toshodai-Ji 唐招提寺
. wakaba shite onme no shizuku nuguwabaya .

Genki 元起 priest Genki in Edo
. mizu samuku ne-iri kanetaru kagome kana .



. Hamada Chinseki - Shadoo, Shadō 洒堂 Shado 浜田珍夕/珍碩（洒堂）Shado.
(? - 1737) Doctor and later haikai master in Osaka - also called Takamiya Shadoo 高宮洒堂 Takamiya Shado

. Hanabusa Itchoo, Itchō 英一蝶 Hanabusa Itcho / Iccho . (1652 – 1724) painter

Hara Anteki 原安適, Edo

Hasegawa Keishi 長谷川畦止. Osaka

. Hattori Tohoo, Dohoo 服部土芳 Hattori Toho / Doho . (1657 - 1730) from Iga
inochi futatsu no naka ni ikitaru sakura kana


Hattori Ransetsu 服部嵐雪
. asagao wa heta no kaku sae aware nari .

Hattori Senbo 服部沾圃
disciple from Edo (Sarumino)


. Hasui from Kanazawa 巴水 . - 薦獅子集 Komojishi Shu Collection

. - Hayashi Tooyoo 桐葉 Hayashi Toyo, in Atsuta - ###.
kono umi ni waranji suten kasa shigure / botan shibe fukaku wake-izuru hachi no nagori kana


Hirooka Sesshi 広岡雪芝 - Nomatsu An 野松庵 "Hut of the Wild Pine" （1670 - 1711）
. suzushisa ya sugu ni nomatsu no eda no nari .

. Hirose Izen 広瀬維然 . （～正徳1年（1711）2月9日）
fuji no mi wa haikai ni sen hana no ato


Honma Shume 本間主馬, Noh actor 能役者
. hasu no ka o me ni kayowasu ya men no hana .
lotus fragrance reaches the eyes throug the nose of a Noh mask 面の鼻

. Honma Yuugo 本間友五 Honma Yugo from Fukagawa .


Hoojoo Yasutoki 北条泰時 Hojo Yasutoki (1183 - 1242)
名月の出づるや五十一ヶ条
meigetsu no / izuru ya goyū / ichi kajō
gojuuichi 51 joo - about his 51 laws 条文


. Hosokawa Shunan 細川春庵, Shun-An, haiku name Toosetsu 棟雪 Tosetsu .
yakuran ni izure no hana o kusamakura


. Hotoke Gozaemon 仏五左衛門 Honest Gozaemon .
Oku no Hosomichi, - - - Station 5 - Nikko 日光 - - -



Ichi-I. Owari no Ichi-I 尾張の一井 Ichi-I from Nagoya
. tabine yoshi yado wa shiwasu no yuuzukiyo .


Ikeda 池田利牛 from Edo


Ikenishi Gonsui 池西言水 (1650 - 1722)
Gonsui Ki 言水忌 Gonsui Memorial Day (September 24)
lived in Nara.


Isa 伊佐
. iza saraba yukimi ni korobu tokoro made .
(winter) watching snow. fall and slip.


. Isaacson, Helen Shigeko Isaacson . - Basho translator


Isoda Shooboo 磯田昌房 Isoda Shobo
from Zeze

. Isui 依水 from Fukagawa .

Ishikawa Senten 石川山店, his disciple
. waga tame ka tsuru hami-nokosu seri no meshi .
Mister Crane, tsuru 鶴


Ishioka Genbai 石岡玄梅. Nara (?Naitoo Fuuko)

. Ishiyama Joozan 石山丈山 Jozan . (1583 - 1672)
kaze kaoru haori wa eri mo tsukurohazu



Isshoo 一晶 Issho / 芳賀治貞, (? - 1707) Kyoto

Itoo Fuukoku 伊藤風国 Ito Fukoku (? - 1701) 玄恕. Doctor from Kyoto.
Published 初蝉.


Izutsuya Shoobei 井筒屋庄兵衛, Kyoto



Jookyuu 浄求 Jokyu - a poor monk living in Fukagawa


. Kagami Shikoo 各務支考 Kagami Shiko . 1665 - 1731
kono kokoro suiseyo hana ni goki ichigu
He helped spread the poetry of Basho after his death.



. Kagekiyo 平景清 Taira no Kagekiyo (? - 1196) .
Kagekiyo mo hanami no za ni wa Shichibyooe / Shichibyōe


Kameda Shuushun 亀田小春 Kameda Shushun (? - 1740)
Medicine merchant from Kanazawa. 宮竹屋亀田伊右衛門 (Oku no Hosomichi)


. Kamo no Choomei 鴨長明 Kamo no Chomei .
uo tori no kokoro wa shirazu toshi wasure
I do not know how fish or birds feel


. Kanshoo 歓生 Kansho (Kansei) from Komatsu 歓生 - 小松 .

Kasai Ranchoo 葛西嵐朝 Kasai Rancho (?) from Ise Yamada


Kaseya Ichibei かせ屋市兵衛（貝増卓袋）(? - 1706) Merchant from Iga Ueno
. Meeting Basho at Nara .


. Kashima Zenemon 賀島 / 加島 善右衛門 .
oil merchant from Gifu


Kashin 僧侶可伸 Priest Kashin at Sukagawa
. yo no hito no mitsukenu hana ya noki no kuri .
(summer) sweet chestnut flowers. "people of this world"
and in rememberance of Saint Gyooki 行基菩薩 Gyoki Bosatsu.

Kashiwagi Soryuu 柏木素龍 Kashiwagi Soryu (? 1716) - 儀左衛門
Samurai from Awa, Tokushima. Worked for Yanagizawa Yoshiyasu (time of Shogun Tsunayoshi). Sarumino.

. Kasuya Chiri 粕谷千里 .
his companion of Nozarashi Kiko 野ざらし紀行


. Katano Boosui 片野望翠 Katano Bosui / 井筒屋新蔵 . (? - 1705)
The husband of the sister of Matsuo basho


Kato Uso 加藤鳥巣
. kakusanu zo yado wa najiru ni toogarashi .
a simple meal


. Kawai Otokuni 川井乙州/ 河井乙州 / 河合乙州 .
. kusa no to ya higurete kureshi kiku no sake .
sharing some chrysanthemum sake
. hito ni ie o kawasete ware wa toshi wasure .
I make him buy a house
- - - - - and Chigetsu 智月 (? - 1718)



Kifuu 枳風 Kifu, Edo


Kihaku 己百 / Shoohoo 秋芳 Shoho
priest Kihako of temple Myosho-Ji 妙照寺, Gifu
. yadorisen akaza no tsue ni naru hi made .


Kiryuu 其柳 Kiryu, Osaka

Kishimoto Koou 岸本公羽 (? - 1719), Dewa Tsuruoka


. Kitamuki Unchiku 北向雲竹 (1623 - 1703) .
kochira muke ware mo sabishiki aki no kure
calligraphy teacher of Basho in Kyoto


. Kitamura Kigin 北村季吟 . Edo


. Koobe Toosai 神戸洞哉/ 神戸等哉 / 等栽 Kobe Tosai . Fukui
meigetsu no midokoro towan tabine sen



Kodama Juushin 児玉重辰 Kodama Jushin, Narumi
. hatsu aki ya umi mo aota mo hito midori .

.............................................................................


Kogoo, Lady Kogo no Tsubone 小督の局
at her grave in Saga

憂き節や竹の子となる人の果
ukifushi ya take no ko to naru hito no hate

how very sad -
to become a bamboo shoot
is the fate of man
Tr. Gabi Greve

Basho age 48. Saga Nikki, 19th day of the fourth lunar month
This hokku has the cut marker YA at the end of line 1.


Wretched
the fate of a person:
bamboo shoots
Tr. Barnhill


Sad nodes
we're all the bamboo's children
in the end
Tr. Carl Sensei


Kogo-no-Tsubone and Emperor Takakura (1161-1181).
Joojakooji 常寂光寺 Temple Jojakko-ji
source : www.jojakko-ji.or.jp

.............................................................................



Kondoo Romaru 近藤呂丸 / 露丸 Kondo Romaru
. tooki yori aware wa tsuka no sumiregusa / sumire-gusa .
(spring) violet. pitiful. Angelica-type parsley. his grave mound
On the death of his disciple.


. Kondoo Jokoo 近藤如行 Kondo Joko (? 1708) .
from Ogaki. (Oku no Hosomichi)


Kooboku 橋木, Koboku, Toodoo Shuuri 藤堂修理
. dote no matsu hana ya ko bukaki tono-zukuri .
pines and cherry trees - a mansion like in a forest


Koono Riyuu 河野李由 Priest Kono Riyu Kono Michitaka in Hikone
. tootogaru namida ya somete chiru momiji .
(autumn) falling red leaves. my respectful tears


Koosai 好齋 Kosai
lived near Basho-An in Fukagawa. Helped the wife of Basho in her final days.


. Kosen 湖仙亭 in Otsu - 1694 .
kono yado wa kuina mo shiranu toboso kana


Kosugi Isshoo 小杉一笑 Kosugi Issho "one laugh", Kanazawa
. tsuka mo ugoke waga naku koe wa aki no kaze .
at the death of Issho



. Kubota Izen 窪田意専 / 猿雖 Ensui / Sooshichi 惣七 Soshichi .
shiba tsukeshi uma no modori ya tauedaru (taue-daru)
(?1640 - 1704) Iga Ueno
窪田彦左衛門



Kukuu 句空 Kuku, (? - 1712) his student from Kanazawa
. urayamashi ukiyo no kita no yama-zakura .
(spring) mountain cherry blossoms. I envy you. Northern Mountain
. Kuku and temple - Gichuuji 義仲寺 Gichu-Ji - .


Kume Bonen 久米牡年 (? - 1727) from Hizen Nagasaki


Kusunoki Masashige 楠木正成 and his son Masatura 楠木正行 i
. nadeshiko ni kakaru namida ya kusu no tsuyu .
(summer) Nadeshiko pinks. tears are falling. dew on the camphor tree


Kyuuken 及肩 Kyuken

Matsuki Tantan 松木淡々　(1674-1761)
a disciple of Basho and a prominent and, as some say, somewhat eccentric figure in haiku circles in Edo, Kyoto, and Osaka. He remained unmarried and without any children,
"but always kept around him a great number of young girls. That is why it is so hard to obtain any specimen of his own handwriting, for he dictated everything to these children"
- (Arthur Waley: The Secret History of the Mongols).
- source : us6.campaign-archive1.com


Matsumoto Hyooko 松本氷固 Matsumoto Hyoko (? - 1734) 長右衛門 . Haigo 非群
Merchant from Iga Ueno

. Matsunaga Teitoku 松永貞徳 . and Soogi 宗祇 Sogi
osana na ya shiranu okina no maruzukin


. Mikami Senna 三上千那 (1650 - 1723).
priest at temple 本福寺 in Otsu 大津堅田. Nozarashi Kiko


Minamoto no Tomonaga 源朝長 (1144–1160)
. koke uzumu tsuta no utsutsu no nebutsu kana .


Mitsui Shuufuu 三井秋風 Shufu "Autumn Wind" (1646 - 1717)
rich kimono merchant in Kyoto (Echigoya) ###
. kashi no ki no hana ni kamawanu sugata kana .



. Miyazaki Keikoo 宮崎荊口 / Shikin 此筋 / sensen 千川 / Bunchoo 文鳥. .
Ogaki

Mizuma Sentoku 水間沾徳 (? - 1762)
younger brother of 内藤露沾 Naito Rosen. Edo

. Mizuta Masahide 水田正秀（孫右衛門） .
(? - 1723) He was 67 when he died.


. - Morikawa Kyoroku / Kyoriku 森川許六 - . (1656 - 1715)


. Motome, kabuki actor Yoshioka Motome 吉岡求馬 .
hana ayame ichiya ni kareshi Motome kana


. Mukai Chine 向井千子 .
higashi nishi aware sa hitotsu aki no kaze
naki hito no kosode mo ima ya doyoo boshi


Mukai Rochoo 向井魯町 (? 1727) from Hizen, Nagasaki


Muramatsu Ibei 松村猪兵衛 (?Matsumura). Yamashiro



. Naitoo Joosoo, Naitō Jōsō 内藤丈草 Naito Joso . (1662 - 1704)

Naitoo Rosen 内藤露沾 Naito Rosen (1655 - 1733)
. Saigyoo no iori mo aran hana no niwa .
his garden with cherry blossoms like the hermitage of Saigyo

. Nakagawa Jokushi 中川 濁子 / 蜀子 .
Samurai from Ogaki domain (Nozarashi Kiko)


. Nakamura Fumikuni 中村史邦 / 中村荒右衛門 .
Disciple from Owari, Inuyama, Aichi



Negoro Shihaku 根来芝柏 (1643 - 1713)
from Sakai, Osaka


Ninkoo 西岸寺任口 priest Saiganji Ninko (1606 - 1686)
. waga kinu ni Fushimi no momo no shizuku seyo .


. Nooin Hooshi 能因法師 Nyoin Hoshi . Waka poet of the Nara period
Basho visited in his memory in Oku no Hosomichi


. Ochi Etsujin 越智越人 Juuzoo 十蔵 Juzo . (1656 - 173)


Okada Yasui 岡田野水 / 埜水 (? - 1743)
. suzushisa o Hida no takumi ga sashizu kana .
for his disciple in Nagoya building a now house


Okamura Fuboku 岡村 不卜, 一柳軒不卜, mother of him
. mizu mukete ato toi tamae doomyooji .
(summer) Temple Domyo-Ji cold rice 道明寺. offering water. console the spirit


. - Okamoto Taiso 岡本苔蘇 - . (? - 1709)
disciple of Basho from Iga Ueno


Ono no Komachi, Sotoba Komachi 卒都婆小町
. tootosa ya yuki furanu hi mo mino to kasa .

Ono no Toofuu 小野東風 / 小野道風 Ono no Tofu (894 - 967)- calligrapher
. Ono-zumi ya tenarau hito no hai zeseri . 　　

. Oota Hakusetsu 太田白雪, 太田金左衛門 Ota Hakusetsu from Shinshiro, Mikawa .
and his sons, Toosen 桃先 Tosen and Toogoo 桃後 Togo.



Ranran, 嵐蘭 Matsukura 松倉盛教
. akikaze ni orete kanashiki kuwa no tsue .
Ranran was one of his favorite disciples and died suddenly at a young age.


. Rika 李下 .
- - - - - and his dead wife　Yuki
. kazuki fusu futon ya samuki yo ya sugoki .


Roboku 廬牧 (1628–1706). Ise
. tsuta uete take shi go hon no arashi kana .

Ryooto 涼菟 Ryoto from Ise Yamada


Sagara Tookyuu 相楽等躬 Sagara Tokyu at Sukagawa 須賀川
. sekimori no yado o kuina ni toou mono .
I ask for the home of the barrier guard.


Saigyoo Hooshi　西行法師 Monk and poet Saigyo
. suzuri ka to hirou ya kuboki ishi no tsuyu .


Sakagami Koojun 坂上好春 Sakagami Kojun (? - 1707)
lived in Kyoto, Fushimi.


Sakai Yamei 坂井野明 in Sagano, Kyoto.
. Kiyotaki no mizu kumasete ya tokoroten .

. Satoo Shooji 佐藤庄司 Sato Shoji . Oku no Hosomichi, Station 14


Seia 青亜（鴉）(? - 1687) - - priest from Otsu 大津


Sengin 蝉吟 (1642 - 1666) "Cicada poet"
. shizukesa ya iwa ni shimi-iru semi no koe . .


. Senka 仙化 . - his disciple in Edo


Senpoo 先放 Senpo
friend of Kyorai, from Nagasaki

. Sengai Gibon 仙厓義梵 (1751–1837) .
..... painting frog under banana tree

Sen Rikyu , Sen Rikyuu, Sen Rikyū 千利休　Tea Master
. kuchikiri ni Sakai no niwa zo natsukashiki .


. Shayoo 潮江車要 Shayo - Shioe Chobei 潮江長兵衛 .

. Shiba Sonome 斯波園女 . (1664-1726)


. Shida Yaba 志太野坡 . (1662 - 1740)


Shimazaki 島崎又幻 - Shinto priest from Ise


.Shimosato Chisoku 下里知足 Chisoku .
(1640 - 1704) His disciple in Narumi　鳴海

Shisan 子珊 (? - 1699) - - from Edo

Shofuu 如風 Shofu (? - 1705) died with 80 years
Priest from Owari Narumi 尾張鳴海

Shooheki 昌碧 - - From Nagoya, Owari. (Oi no Kobumi)


Sooha 宗波 Zen priest Soha
. furusu tada aware naru beki tonari kana .


. Soojoo Henjoo 僧正遍照 Priest Sojo Henjo . (816 - 890)
miru ni ga mo oreru bakari zo ominaeshi


Sugawara Michizane 菅原道真
. kono ume ni ushi mo hatsune to nakitsu beshi .
(spring) plum blossoms. an oxen might shout his first moo
. ware mo kami no hisoo ya aogu ume no hana .


Sugiyama Sanpu 杉山杉風 (Sampu) （1647 - 1732）
. yuku haru ya tori naki uo no me wa namida .
Mister Fish, 魚 uo, with tears in his eyes
- - - and his father Sugiyama Senpuu 杉山仙風 Sugiyama Senpu


. Suzuki Seifuu 鈴木清風 Suzuki Seifu . (1651 - 1721)
suzushisa o waga yado ni shite nemaru nari



Tachibana Hokushi 立花北枝 (1665-1718) His disciple in Kanazawa
. mono kakite oogi hikisaku nagori kana.
- - - - - Tachibana Hokudoo 立花牧童 - brother of Hokushi
from Kanazawa


. Taira no Atsumori 平敦盛 (1169 - 1184) .
sumadera ya fukanu fue kiku koshita yami


. Taisui 苔水 / 岱水 from Fukagawa .
. hatsutake ya mada hikazu henu aki no tsuyu .


. Takahashi Dosui 高橋怒誰 . (? - 1743)
kimi ya cho ware ya Sooji ga yumegokoro
kari kiki ni miyako no aki ni omomukan



Takahata Shi-in 高畑市隠 (? - 1722) friend from Iga, Ueno
. fuji no kaze ya oogi ni nosete Edo miyage .
wind from Mount Fuji


. Takakuwa Rankoo 高桑闌更 Takakuwa Ranko .
(1727 - 1799) or (1726-1798)
and - Bashoo doo 芭蕉堂 Basho Do Hall, Kyoto -


Takayama Denemon (Biji) 高山伝右衛門 麋塒
Takayama Biji ( 1649-1718) 高山繁文 Takayama Shigefumi
- Haiku Form of 5 7 5 -


Takuko 竹戸. a blacksmith 鍛冶屋


Tandoo 坦堂和尚 Priest Tando - at his death
. chi ni taore ne ni yori hana no wakare kana .


Tani Bokuin, Boku-In 谷木因 (1646 - 1725) from Ogaki
. Basho visits Boku-In in Ogaki 大垣 .


Tanshi 探子, 探芝, 探志 (Sarumino)


Tenyuu Hoo-in 別当天佑法院 Betto Tenyu Ho-In, Mount Haguro
. sono tama ya Haguro ni kaesu nori no tsuki .


. Tesshu 鉄舟和尚 Priest Tesshu from temple Konpuku-Ji 金福寺 / 金福寺 .


Tomoda Ryoobon 友田良品 Tomoda Ryobon (1665 - 1730) from Iga Ueno


. Toodo Genko 藤堂玄虎 Todo Genko . - from Yanagiwara Embankment, Edo. Watanabe Choobei 渡辺長兵衛 Watanabe Chobei

. Toodoo Shinshichiroo 藤堂新七郎 Todo Shinshichiro .
Sengin 蝉吟 (1642 - 1666) "Cicada poet"
Toodoo Tanmaru 藤堂探丸 (? 1710) Eldest son of Basho's master, Todo Shinshichiro.


Toosan 塔山 / トウ山 Tosan
. Musashino ya sawaru mono naki kimi ga kasa .

Torei 兎苓 from Katata 堅田
. ooji oya mago no sakae ya kaki mikan .

. Torii Bunrin 鳥居文鱗 .
namu hotoke kusa no utena mo suzushikare


. Tsuboi Tokoku 坪井杜国 . - 万菊丸 Mangikumaru (? - 1690)
yume yori mo utsutsu no taka zo tanomoshiki
samukeredo futari neru yoru zo tanomoshiki
mazu iwae ume o kokoro no fuyu-gomori
. . . . . Tokoku also visited Yoshino and Mount Koya san with Basho.


Tsuchida Tojaku 土田杜若 (? - 1729). samurai from Iga Ueno.


Tsuda Zensen 津田前川 - samurai from Ogaki


Tsuji Tekishi 辻萩子 (? - 1729) Samurai from Iga Ueno/ 辻五平次景方


. Tsukamoto Jooshu 塚本如舟 Joshu .
(? - 1724) at Shimada-juku 島田宿


. Urashima Taroo 浦島太郎 The legend of Urashima Taro .



Wada Kyosui 和田虚水, Samurai from Zeze 膳所

Wakayama Isshoo 若山一笑 Wakayama Issho, Oowari 尾張



. - Yadoo 野童 Yado - . (? - 1701) 元禄14年6月20日）- Kyoto


Yamada, the Hermit Yamada 陰士山田 at Saya 佐屋
. kuina naku to hito no ieba ya Saya domari .


Yamagichi Hanzan 山岸半残 (? - 1726) 山岸十左衛門. Samurai from Iga Ueno.
Related to the Todo clan.


. - Yamaguchi Sodoo 山口素堂 Yamaguchi Sodo - (1642 - 1716) .


Yamamoto Kakei 山本荷兮 (? - 1716 享保元年). Doctor from Nagoya


. Yamazaki Sookan 山崎宗鑑 Yamazaki Sokan .
arigataki sugata ogaman kakitsubata


. - Yasomura Rotsuu 八十村路通 Rotsu - .
kusamakura makoto no hanami shite mo koyo


. Yasuhara Teishitsu 安原貞室 (1610-73) .


. Yasukawa Rakugo 安川落梧 - 安川助右衛門 - Suke'emon. (1652－1691)
Merchant from Mino, Gifu


Yoshida Kenkoo 吉田兼好 Yoshida Kenko (1283? – 1350?)
. aki no iro nukamiso tsubo mo nakari keri .


Yoshida Shiyuu 吉田支幽 Yoshida Shiyu
samurai from Zeze, later became a Buddhist monk.

. Yuugiku 夕菊 Yugiku (Sekikiku 石菊) from Fukagawa .


. Zekitsu 是橘 - doctor in Edo .
hatsu-uma ni kitsune no sorishi atama kana


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sakan 左官 his wall plasterer
. robiraki ya sakan oi yuku bin no shimo .


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futari 二人 the two of us


二人見し雪は今年も降りけるか
. futari mishi yuki wa kotoshi mo furikeru ka .
Ochi Etsujin 越智越人 Juuzoo 十蔵 Juzo


寒けれど二人寝る夜ぞ頼もしき
. samukeredo futari neru yoru zo tanomoshiki .
Tsuboi Tokoku 坪井杜国


::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


- Persons he visited during his travelling -


. - Hanaya Nizaemon 花屋仁左衛門 - .
the death of Basho in Osaka - 大坂南御堂前


. Kanokobata 鹿子畑豊明 - Suitoo 翆桃 Suito . Nasu 那須


. Kitoo 起倒 Kito .
He looked after him when Basho was ill in Atsuta, 1687


. Matsubaya Fuubaku 松葉屋風瀑 Fubaku .
at Ise 伊勢

. - Mukai Kyorai 向井去来 - .
Rakushisha 落柿舎 "Hermitage of the fallen persimmon"


. Nishijima Hyakusai 西島百歳 .
at Iga, Ueno


. Ogawa Fuubaku 小川風麦 Ogawa Fubaku .
at Iga, Ueno. and Shoofuu 梢風 Shofu and Ryoobon 良品 Ryobon.


. Suganuma Gon-emon 菅沼権右衛門 - Koogetsu 菅沼耕月 Kogetsu .
Kyoo ni akite kono kogarashi ya fuyuzumai

. Suganuma Kyokusui 菅沼曲水 / 曲翠 .
Owner of 幻住庵 Genju-An, Hut of the Phantom Dwelling.

. Yoshiwake Tairo 吉分大魯 / 吉分為虎 . (1730 - 1778)


. Yuutoo 能大夫游刀 the Noh actor Yuto in Zeze .

....................................................................................................................................................


. Inoue Juukoo 井上重厚 Inoue Juko (1738 - 1804) .
compiler of - Moto no Mizu もとの水 - 句集 -　A Hokku Collection attributed to Basho
- - - - - and 大川立砂 / 斗囿 Okawa Ryusa


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gijinka 擬人化 personification, Anthropomorphism
metaphor inyu 隠喩(いんゆ), metafaa メタファー, hiyu 比喩


In the Japanese language, haiku make use of the direct comparison
... no gotoku ... のごとく, の如く　/ no gotoshi のごとし、の如し

植うる事子のごとくせよ児桜　
. uuru koto ko no gotoku seyo chigo-zakura .


予が風雅は夏炉冬扇のごとし
. yo ga fuuga wa karo toosen no gotoshi .

- - - - -

秋来にけり耳を訪ねて枕の風　
. aki ki ni keri mimi o tazunete makura no kaze .
wind is visiting my ear at the pillow


鮎の子の白魚送る別れ哉　
. ayu no ko no shirauo okuru wakare kana .
(spring) ayu sweetfish. whitefish. to say good bye
Basho (the whitefish) at Senju, departing from his young disciples (ayu no ko).


降らずとも 竹植る日は 蓑と笠
. furazu tomo take uu hi wa mino to kasa .
farmers described by their outfit, a raincoat and rain hat


その匂ひ桃より白し水仙花
. sono nioi momo yori shiroshi suisenka .
Basho the peach, two sons of his disciple as white daffodils


山吹の露菜の花のかこち顔なるや
. yamabuki no tsuyu na no hana no kakochigao naru ya .
the rapeseed flowers make a face of envy !


. Metaphor .


. Anthropomorphism, personification .


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. Personal Names used in Haiku .

All people mentioned in the Darumapedia :
. PERSONS - index - PERSONEN .


[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]
- #personsbasho #personenbasho -
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Okamoto Taiso

[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]
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- Okamoto Taiso 岡本苔蘇 -

(? - 1709) - 宝永6年3月3日

He was a samurai and Basho's disciple from Iga Ueno.
His first haikai name was Bokuhaku 木白.
After the death of Basho, he changed his name to Taiso.

His samurai name was Okamoto Masatsugu 岡本治右衛門 政次.

He lived in a hermitage called Hyoochikuan 剽竹庵 / 瓢竹庵 Hyochiku-An, "Gourd Bamboo Hut" , where Basho spent some leisurely time.

. Iga Shoomon 伊賀蕉門 Basho students of Iga province. .


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During his stay at the Gourd Bamboo Hermitage, Matsuo Basho wrote the following hokku:




花を宿に始め終りや二十日ほど
花をやどにはじめをはりやはつかほど
hana no yado ni hajime owari ya hatsuka hodo

at this lodging with cherry blossoms
from beginning to end -
about twenty days

Basho enjoyed his time there just as long as the cherry blossoms were in full bloom.

Written in the spring of 1688 元禄元年春.

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このほどを花に礼いふ別れ哉
kono hodo o hana ni rei iu wakare kana

how much do I say
thank you for the blossoms
at this departure . . .

- - - - - or

このほどを花に礼いふ別れ哉
kono hodo o hana ni rei iu wakare kana

how much do I say
"thank you" to the blossoms
at this departure . . .


Written on the 19th day of the third lunar month in 1688 元禄元年3月19日.
This is a Thank You Note to his host Taiso, before leaving.


. Oi no Kobumi 笈の小文 .

After his stay at this hermitage, Basho set off to visit the Yoshino valley.


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- - - - - Hokku by Taiso

雪汁や蛤いかす場のすみ　

聲毎に獨活や野老や市の中　　

白雨や蓮の葉たゝく池の芦　　　

source : itoyo/basho

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. Iga Shoomon 伊賀蕉門 Basho students of Iga province. .


. Cultural Keywords used by Basho .

. - KIGO used by Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - .


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Suganuma Gon-emon

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- Suganuma Gon-emon, Gon'emon 菅沼権右衛門 -
Suganuma Koogetsu 菅沼耕月 Kogetsu
#Sugenuma

A samurai of Shinshiro 新城（市） in Mikawa.

He was the caretaker of the domain during the absence of the lord
新城城主菅沼定実 Suganuma Sadazane (1629 - 1691)


When Kogetsu 耕月 retired, he also used the name of Sooko 宗古 Soko.

. Suganuma Kyokusui 菅沼曲水 / 曲翠 . . is also a member of this clan.


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- - - - - Matsuo Basho visited Kogetsu on his last trip from Kyoto to Edo (Azuma kudari 東下) after he had finished his long trip to "Oku no Hosomichi" and stayed in the Kyoto region (Kamigata 上方) for more than 2 years.


Written in 1691, tenth lunar month 元禄4年10月

京に飽きてこの木枯や冬住ひ
京に倦てこの凩や冬住居
Kyoo ni akite kono kogarashi ya fuyuzumai

getting bored of Kyoto
and now this ice-cold wind -
my lodging in winter
Tr. Gabi Greve

Basho seems to be quite fed up with his life in the capital by now. The winter wind makes him remember his own dwelling in Edo.
This is his greeting hokku to his host.



source :　itoyo/basho


During the haikai at the temple 鳳来寺 Horai-Ji, he also wrote

. yuki o matsu joogo no kao ya inabikari .
...the faces of us sake drinkers...


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. Cultural Keywords used by Basho .

. - KIGO used by Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - .


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Tsuboi Tokoku

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- Tsuboi Tokoku 坪井杜国 -

? - 1690.4.28 - ?元禄3.3.20 ? 2月20日）
承応二年（1653）～元禄三年（1690）
The dates are varying.

He was only 34 when he died.


Tokoku was from Nagoya. His name was Shoobei 庄兵衛.
He was a grain merchant and ward supervisor in Misono Ward 御園町.

In 1684 he became a disciple of Basho, but in the following year he was banned from Nagoya (because of some fraud) and moved to the village Hobi 保美村 at the Hobi peninsula in Aichi.
貞亨2年8月19日


He traveled with Basho for a while, even to Yoshino and Mount Koya, as written in

. 笈の小文 Oi no Kobumi. .

During these trips he used the name 南彦左衛門 and 野人 or 野仁.


He had a very friendly and probably special male relationship with Basho.
Basho used to call him by his boyhood name, 万菊丸 Mangikumaru.

Even after his death, Basho dreamed about him and shed tears.

此ものを夢に見ること謂所念夢也
夢の中で杜国を思い出し、涙で目がさめた


Basho also wrote this hokku about their relationship, when he spent a night in Toyohashi talking with his disciple Etsujin 越人:

寒けれど二人寝る夜ぞたのもしき
samukeredo futari neru yoru zo tanomoshiki

even if it is cold
sleeping together on such a night
is quite a pleasure



. nanshoku、danshoku 男色 homosexuality in the Edo period . 　　


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Basho also longed for his friend:

By the middle of the second month, I longed to depart for Yoshino, where cherries already blossomed in my memory. A friend, Tokoku, promised to join me in my journey, and we met at Ise.

"No home in the world - we are two wanderers"

吉野にて桜見せうぞ檜木笠
. Yoshino nite sakura mishoo zo hinoki-gasa .


It won't be long till
you'll see Yoshino cherries,
my bark-woven hat!


Mangiku-maru wrote:

It won't be long till
I show my bark-woven hat
to Yoshino cherries!


Narrow Road to the Interior and other writings
By Matsuo Basho / Tr. Sam Hamill
source : books.google.co.jp



. Basho in Yoshino 吉野 .


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Oi no Kobumi 笈の小文. Written on December 14, 1677
When visiting Tokoku 杜国 in Mikawa, Toyohashi. 三河豊橋。

Basho at the home of Tokoku wrote

. go o taite tenugui aburu samusa kana .


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In 1685, Basho age 42, Tokoku age 30 :

白芥子に羽もぐ蝶の形見哉
白げしにはねもぐ蝶の形見哉
shirageshi ni hane mogu choo no katami kana

for this white poppy
the butterfly tears off its wings
as a keepsake . . .
Tr. Gabi Greve

Here Basho sees Tokoku as a white poppy and himself as a parting butterfly. This is a strong expression of his feelings toward Tokoku.
This combination of flower and animal is quite unusual.

This hokku has the cut marker KANA at the end of line 3.

On the 19th day of the 8th lunar month in this year, Tokoku had to go into exile.


Read more comments about this hokku by Ueda:
source : http://books.google.co.jp


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His grave is at the temple Rinkoozan Choo-onji 潮音寺 Cho-on Ji.

愛知県渥美郡田原市福江の 隣江山潮音寺


His most important hokku

朝月夜紙干板に明そめて

つゝみかねて月とり落す霽かな　（『冬の日』）
曙の人顔牡丹霞にひらきけり　（『春の日』）

足跡に櫻を曲る庵二つ　（『春の日』）

馬はぬれ牛ハ夕日の村しぐれ　（『春の日』）

この比の氷ふみわる名残かな　（『春の日』）

吉野いでて布子売りたしころもがへ　（『笈の小文』）

麥畑の人見るはるの塘かな　（『あら野』）

霜の朝せんだんの實のこぼれけり　（『あら野』）

八重がすみ奥迄見たる竜田哉　（『あら野』）

芳野出て布子賣おし更衣　（『あら野』）

散花にたぶさ恥けり奥の院　（『あら野』）

こがらしの落葉にやぶる小ゆび哉　（『あら野』）

木履はく僧も有けり雨の花　（『あら野』）

似合しきけしの一重や須广の里（『猿蓑』）
source : itoyo/basho


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- - - - - Matsuo Basho wrote for Tokoku:

まづ祝へ梅を心の冬籠り
mazu iwae ume o kokoro no fuyu-gomori

Anyway celebrate I will
This winter hibernation
With apricot blossoms in my heart.
Tr. Takafumi Saito

Written in 貞亨4年, Basho age 44

Tokoku had been put in exile for a crime he did not even commit. So if he would stay in hiding maybe next spring things will turn out better.


. WKD : fuyugomori 冬篭り winter confinement, winter isolation, wintering .



さればこそ荒れたきままの霜の宿
sareba koso aretaki mama no shimo no yado

well indeed
just a wild, rough home
in the frost

The living conditions of Tokoku were even worse than Basho had expected.

Emotions expressed by Basho :
. Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - Archives of the WKD .


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Basho was visiting Iragozaki, a place famous for its hawks.

His disciple Tsuboi Tokoku 坪井杜国 (? - 1690) lived there.
This hokku shows his pleasure of meeting his friend, who had been in exile since about 1 year and a half earlier.

Barnhill describes Tokoku as having
"moved to Irago after suffering financial difficulties."

夢よりも現の鷹ぞ頼もしき　
. yume yori mo utsutsu no taka zo tanomoshiki .


At Iragozaki, Tokoku also wrote

うれしさは葉がくれ梅の一つかな


行く秋も伊良古をさらぬ鴎かな


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Homepage of temple Cho-on Ji
source : plala.or.jp/rikan



俳人杜国　供養祭　　平成24年４月25日（水）

Every year on the 25th of April there is a memorial service for Tokoku with a haiku meeting.


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. Cultural Keywords used by Basho .

. - Persons introduced by Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - .


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